left in January 1945. many men were drafted into the Waffen-SS. For the earlier years, 1940, 1941 and 1942, that has not been brought out before the Commission. Perhaps you would give examples for your statement that as early as that non-volunteers were taken into the Waffen-SS?
A Yes. The 36,000 men who were drafted I have already mentioned. In addition, in 1940 we took men from the police to set up our Field Gendarmerie, We took men from the Reichpost to secure our Fieldpost. We took civilian employees of the SS-Verfuegungs Truppe in 1941 particularly. We frequently took personnel for our cavalry unit from the army. I recall further that about 800 army men were taken into the Waffen-SS in the summer of 1941. Doctors and technicians also were drafted in 1940 and 1941. In addition, resettled persons had become subject to military duty. With the resettlement details we drafted men who did not report voluntarily. In 1942 we deviated considerably from the principle of volunteers. About 15,000 racial Germans were taken into our division Prinz Eugen, about 10,000 men were taken from the police and the army for the police division, and 2,000 men of the Reichpost who were with the army so-called front auxiliaries were taken into the Waffen-SS. They were civilian post-office employees with the army.
Q Can you recall the transfer, on Hitler's orders, of formations of the Luftwaffe?
A Yes, that was particularly in 1944. Also in 1943 units of the Luftwaffe were taken over. I recall, for example, on agreement of Reichs Marshal Goering with our commander, Sepp Dietrich, of 1943, 3,000 men of the Luftwaffe were transferred. In 1944 many men were transferred from the army as well.
about the motives for volunteering?
A Yes. In my position I saw thousands of requests for admission. I can say that up to 1939 the enthusiasm of the SS for decent conduct was the main reason for volunteering, but in addition there were many volunteers for professional reasons.
Q And how was it after the beginning of the war? that the men wanted to do their military service in a clean, modern, elite formation. Professional reasons also played a part in volunteering. Very few came to the Waffen SS for political reasons after the beginning of the war. I know that part of the volunteers were recruited by over-enthusiastic recruiters from the Hitler Youth or the Reich Labor Service. Formally they were volunteers but actually they were under a certain moral pressure. I know this from the letters of complaints which reached the Ergaenzungsamt.
Q Letters from whom?
Q How old were these boys?
A They were mostly seventeen. They had volunteered, but their parents did not want them to, or, on the basis of the speech by a recruiter, they had reporter and their parents did not agree.
Q Could a volunteer have recalled his application? Could he have left the Waffen SS? Could he have left, say, because he learned of same crimes, such as are alleged by the Prosecution?
A We, that would not have been possible. If the man once volunteered, there was no way out. Since he was drafted with an order from the Wehrmacht and to avoid punishment he had to report, once he had reported to the troops he was under military law and could not leave the Waffen SS.
Q Did you receives complaints in this connection? Were there complaints that these volunteers were used for any sorts of crimes? from draftees who thought that the Waffen SS would be given especially arduous duties and would have especially heavy casualties. For this reason, they wanted to go back again.
It also happened that the parents were afraid for their boys and also sent letters to us, that the boys who, on the basis of the Fuehrer order could have been drafted at seventeen, without the approval of their parents, should come back, but we paid no attention to these complaint. about the process of selection for the Waffen SS; for example, whether purely political reasons existed for the acceptance of a volunteer or a draftee. them myself. I can say that we were interested only in healthy young men. We did not ask whether a man had a communistic attitude or whether his parents were deeply religious. We were interested only in young men of firm character A young man who was a leader in the SA or the General SS we accepted much more readily into the Waffen SS than an older Party member who had a physical disability. We wanted young, clean soldiers. Of course later, in the case of those who were drafted and transferred, the selection was no longer so strict.
Q From these inspections, did you have any secret inductions?
A No. Our inductions were always in public places. I remember that before the war, in Danzig, which was still under Polish authority, we held inductions for the Waffen SS. The manner of our selections was not kept secret either. Anyone could see it in the recruiting writings, which were published by the millions.
Q Did members of foreign countries servo in the Waffen SS?
A Yes. Our racial Germans should be especially mentioned. They formed the majority of these soldiers. The Reich had reached agreements and state treaties with the countries that these people were to do their military service in the Waffen SS. From the Germanic countries we took almost exclusively volunteers for our divisions, the Viking and other Germanic units.
In 1943 -- and more in 1944 -- we also set up foreign units. Most of these people were volunteers, but many of them were drafted on the basis of the laws of their own countries. When these people, people of completely different racial, religious, and psychological backgrounds, came into the ranks of the Waffen SS, they were allowed to retain their own characteristics.
foreigners was, since it is important for the charge that it was a unified ideological unit. To the end of 1944 we had 410,000 Reich Germans, 300,000 racial Germans, 150,000 foreigners, and about 50,000 Germanic soldiers in the Waffen SS. Eberstein. You surely know the relationship of the General SS to the inductions into the Waffen SS. For example, was a fuehrer of the General SS taken into the Waffen SS with the same rank?
A One cannot speak of a transfer in a military sense. The General SS was a voluntary organization. The Waffen SS was considered a component part of the Wehrmacht. A number of the General SS, up to 1942, felt drawn to the Waffen SS. First they had to volunteer. Only after 1943 could we take the men without their volunteering. I Would emphasize that it was quite impossible for a man of the General SS to have volunteered prior to 1942 and to have been rejected because of physical disability. After 1942, of course, we no longer rejected members of the General SS, but it was also quite possible that the member of the General SS could do his military service in other parts of the Wehrmacht, and I estimate that the majority of the General SS at the beginning of the war was taken into the Wehrmacht. A fuehrer of the General SS, unless he already had military rank, was taken into the Waffen SS as a common soldier. On the other hand, officers of the Wehrmacht were taken into the Waffen SS with equivalent rank. was in no way evaluated as pre-military training, because the member of the General SS from the beginning had to do military service in the Waffen SS or the Wehrmacht just as a non-member did?
A Yes, of course. That is how it was. of the Wehrmacht and not as the Prosecution says, a Nazi troop?
A Yes. At least that can be emphasized from my sphere. Only the selection was carried out according to SS directives, while selection for the Waffen SS depended on approval of the Wehrbezirkskommando.
Induction into the Waffen SS took place with the induction order of the Wehrmacht. The volunteer contingents of the Waffen SS were prescribed by the High Command of the Wehrmacht, and forcible inductions took place on the basis of the orders of the High Command of the Wehrmacht. One can also say that we had no connection whatever with the Party, for the Party gave us no orders.
The few party members who were in the party SS for the period of their service paid no party dues.
They did not receive awards of the party. The whole replacement and supervision of the Waffen SS according to the high command of the army, and the army service regulation 8115. Since service in the Waffen SS and in the Army were practically equal, in the fall of 1944 we carried out the long sought merger with the army replacement offices. to the witness von Eberstein, I should like to ask you something about the composition of the guard personnel of the concentration camps. Is it true, as the Prosecution asserts, that the general SS during the war took over the guard duty at the concentration camps ?
A That cannot be said. The 8,000 men of the Totenkopf formation, of which I spoke previously at the beginning of the war, consisted only in part of members of the general SS. In October, 1939, when the SS Totenkopf division was set up, it was made into a front unit. These men were replaced by draftees. They included, I should perhaps say, 3,000 men of the general SS. But these men were taken from the general SS by the emergency service regulation, which could equally have been applied to the induction of other men, which was done in part, for example men of the Reichs Kriegerbund and of the Kyffhaeuserbund. During the whole war the general SS did not replace the guards for concentration camps unless one or another SS man who was incapable of service at the front was transfersred there. called emergency service regulation was and to whom it could be applied. as far as I am informed, a regulation of the Reich according to which, in time of such emergency, any member of the German Reich could be inducted for special service to the Reich. I have al ready mentioned this morning that 36,000 men were taken from the general SS on the basis of this regulation by the Reich Ministry of the Interior.
The Reich Ministry of the Interior, through its program, as far as I know took almost 1,000,000 such people for police reserves, including these 36,000 men of the general SS. made clear by document SS 28. Can you tell us who took over the guarding of concentration camps during the war ? and members of the German Wehrmacht guarded the concentration camps. I may perhaps explain it briefly. In 1940 and 1941 the guard personnel of the concentration camps were only replaced to a small extent. For the most part, there were members of the Kiefhaeuserbund, the warriors league, and the Reichskriegerbund, who came partly as volunteers and portly as draftees. In 1942 racial Germans and volunteers from the Reich who did not, however, volunteer for guards for concentration camps by the Waffen SS, but who, because of unsuitability for service at the front, couldn't be put in the Waffen SS, these people were made guards. In 1943, the recruiting was similar. In this year also, a contingent of veterans came, and in 1944 the last young men of the concentration camp guards were to be sent to the front. In this year the great majority of the guards in the concentration camps were members of the German Wehrmacht. I know that the OKH reached an agreement with the inspector of the concentration camp that the army would take over the guarding. I myself saw the order. 10,000 men were mentioned in it.
Q Can you give us figures on the concentration camps ?
A Yes. In the SS main office, the army had supervision of the guards at the concentration camps.
Q What does "Wehrueberwachung" mean ? dex so that in case he was transferred, the office concerned would know exactly where the man was and when he would, be a-vailable again.
As I was saying, the record was kept of these men at the SS Hauptamt. I know that about 7,000 such men were racial Germans, that about 7,000 were from the Army, and some from the Luftwaffe, and that there were 10,000 men who had volunteered for the Waffen SS, but as a result of unsuitability for front service were simply transferred to the guard personnel of concentration camps. This included the Kyffhaeuser members whom I have already mentioned, also SA members, persons without a party, and so forth. About 6,000 men at the end of 1944 were from the Notdienstverordneten and the old Frontkaempferverbanden, and a few wounded members of the waffen SS.
Q What do you mean by that ? and were no longer able to do military service at the front, but were still suitable for guard duty. no matter where they came from, were volunteers or whether they were drafted ? tration camps. The racial Germans as well as the Reich Germans who were used as guards were assigned there. The members of the Wehrmacht also, as far as I know, did not volunteer for this service but were sent for any order. of concentration craps ? tion camps was the inspectorate KL. This inspectorate KL was in 1939 or at the beginning of 1940 based on the general inspector for the Totenkopfverbaends. In 1942 the inspectorate EX as Amtsgruppe D was transferred to the WVHA.
with many other SS agencies, was not had by me. In the first place, this Amtsgruppe D was far away from us in Berlin. In addition, with the exception of the assignment of a few men, which was by telephone, we had no personal contact. your position, give any information as to whether members of the wafer SS in general had the opportunity to learn anything about the crimes which are now charged against the SS as a whole? the Waffen SS at the beginning of the war. These people were 13, 14, perhaps 16 years old When they came into the Waffen SS, they were only at the front. If they went home for a few days on leave, they did not worry about politics or enemy propaganda. They wanted to see their families. Tens of thousands of wounded non in hospitals had only one desire -- to regain their health. They did not listen to the enemy radio either so that they could have learned anything. I talked to many of those men, and I know they were interested only in their military service. Only one per cent of those inducted were employed in the office and agencies of the Waffen SS. Very few of these were in position to learn anything. However, they did not and would not tell us anything about what kind of service they had there. In every office of the Waffen SS and SS as a whole there was a poster with an order from the Fuehrer which said, "You must know only as much as belongs to your official duties, and concerning what you learn, you must be silent."
Q Was not this order, therefore, a military one? of the Reich. When you were with the staff of the Leibstandarte, did you learn anything, for example, about the proposed invasion of Austria? The Leibstandarte was no exception. I recall very well how it was with the entry into Austria. Although the Leibstandarte was one of the first formations to march into Austria, we made no preparations for this entry. I know exactly, since I was secretary with the staff, that neither the Adjutant nor the Hauptsturmfuehrer knew anything half an hour before we left as to where we were going.
When the Leibstandarte was in Austria, there was such enthusiasm that none of us would have thought that a crime had been committed here. The fact that we, as Leibstandarte, moved into Austria was a matter of course to us because the Fuehrer was there and we, as his bodyguard, went to Austria, too. you want to deny that millions of killings have taken place which are now being charged against the Waffen SS? point. I can only repeat what we told each other. The Allies have given us a big puzzle with the discovery of this crime. We were always trained in honor, discipline and decency. For five years we fought in good faith for cur fatherland. Now we sit behind barbed wire and everyone tells us we are murderers and criminal. I can only say one thing, and I say this for my comrades to whom I have spoken -- we did not know of the abominable atrocities of Himmler who betrayed and deceived us by preferring death to responsibility, By committing suicide, he placed himself outside the ranks of the former SS, and this small circle of men who perhaps misunderstood obedience and became his assistants, because they knew how to keep silent. Until today we knew nothing about it.
DR. PELCKMANN: Thank you. I have no more questions.
BY MR. ELWYN JONES: was always trained in honor and decency. Himmler used to come and lecture to your division, the Leibstandarte, you know, did he not? standarte. standarte?
A Yes. As far as I recall, there was a speech when I was at the Ergaenzungsamt. My comrades told me about it.
Q Do you knew what Himmler said?
Q Did you not think it was right to ask them?
A Of course. I always asked because as a former member, I was still interested in what was going on. As to having some recollection of an individual speech, I was not interested. of honor and decency, you know. Did you knew, for instance, of the mass murder of the leaders of the Polish nation by the SS?
A That cannot be possible. I read a great deal of the training material of the SS. I did not read any request to commit such mass murders. made to the officers of your own regiment. I refer to 1918 PS, Exhibit US 304. "Very frequently the member of the Waffen-SS thinks about the deportation of this people here. These thoughts came to me today when watching the very difficult work out there performed by the Security Police, supported by your men, who help them a great deal. Exactly the same thing happened in Holland in weather 40 degrees below zero, where we had to haul away thousands, ten thousands, hundred thousands; where we had to have the toughness -- you should hear this but also forget it again immediately -- to shoot thousands of leading Poles, where we had to have the toughness, otherwise it would have taken revenge on us later," Are you saying that you did not know that Himmler said that to your regiment?
A In the first place, I did not know it. In the second place, as far as I have heard, no members of the Waffen-SS did that. Himmler said "we." I do not know who this "we" is. As far as I heard, that is not shown by the speech.
Q Himmler was addressing the officers of your regiment. The SS Leibstandarte, Adolf Hitler told them that the murders shall be the work of the Security Police, namely, your men, the men of your regiment. That is perfectly clear, is it not?
A No. That is not clear. which you are apparently being inculcated. At page 10 of the German text of Himmler's speech; page 3 of the English text, you will see how Himmler -- you need not trouble to read it at the moment -- you will see how Himmler was telling your regiment of the SS that out of the slave labor of the victims of his organization, money was to be raised for the benefit of the SS men.
I will read to you what he said.
THE PRESIDENT: We have had this document read before, I think.
MR. ELWYN JONES: Yes, My Lord. I am only going to refer to two sentence of it.
THE PRESIDENT: The witness said he was not here.
MR. ELWYN JONES: That is so, My Lord. What I am suggesting in that this was an address to the officers of his own regiment. At the showing before the Commissioner, It was indicated he joined a month later.
BY MR. ELWYN JONES.
Q When did you rejoin the Leibstandarte, Mr. Witness? In 1941?
Q Did you rejoin it again- in 1941? Leibstandarte. the officers of it?
A I do not know exactly when Himmler's speech was. MR. ELWYN JONES: If it is not desired that I should put the document to the witness, I certainly should not do so against the wish of the Tribunal. THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal would, rather you did not. personnel of the Waffen-SS, were used in anti-partisan activity?
A No. I did not know that the Waffen-SS was particularly used against the partisans. On the basis of my position, I know that the Waffen-SS was often subordinate to army units and here, perhaps in exceptional cases, was employed, in anti-partisan activities. On the whole, however, the Waffen-SS with its divisions was at the front. I know nothing of the special partisan units of the Waffen-SS. ruthlessness or political fanaticism, the Waffen-SS was used. Is that not so?
A I do not know that, I know nothing about it. Please give me an example so I can comment on it.
Duce, in the Palazzio Venezzio, on the 23 of October, 1942 I am referring to the document D 729, Exhibit GB 281. He described Germany's method in fighting the Partisans.
Q I'll tell you what Field Marshal Goering said about it to the Duce in the Palazzo Venezzia on the 23rd of October, 1942 I am referring to the Document D/729, Exhibit GB-281, "...The Reichsmarshal described Germany's method in fighting the partisans."
He describes the taking away of livestock and the other details of the technique that was advocated; and then Goering says, "Germany had experienced that, generally speaking, soldiers were no use in carrying out such measures. Members of the party discharged this task much more harshly and efficiently."
If you'll be good enough to listen to me reading it, Witness, it will come over the headphones, "Members of the party discharged this task much more harshly and efficiently. For the same reason armies that were strengthened by a political creed such as the German (or the Russian) fought much more energetically than others. The SS, the guard of the old fighters of the Party who have personal ties with the Fuehrer and who form a special elite, confirm this principle."
That's correct, isn't it, Witness?
A I don't know whether the Reichsmarshal gave any order to combat partisanship. What the Prosecutor has just read is a statement of opinion to another statesman. I see no orders in that to the Waffen SS; and for that reason I maintain my testimony that the Waffen SS as a unit was not used for combatting partisans.
MR. ELWYN JONES: if it please your Lordship, in view of the evidence which is before the Tribunal on the employment of the Waffen SS and on its pay measures, I am not going to proceed with the cross examination as to the general matter with which this witness dealt. The Court has indicated that it doesn't desire me to put matters which should be put in cross examination before the Commissioners and under those circumstances, I have no further questions to ask but I will take my cross examination before the Commissioners for the purposes of the Tribunal.
COLONEL SMIRNOV: I am going to ask a very few short questions with your permission. BY COLONEL SMIRNOV: learned about the killings in the concentration camps? killings in the concentration camps? killings that were carried out. The defense counsel told me. I do not deny it. within the concentration camp who took care of the administration? Was it the Waffen SS? the Nominal Waffen SS were in the Kommandanturs; but there is a clear order of the high command of the Waffen SS which I have already mentioned. It is included in the army circular of December, 40, to the effect that members of the Totenkppf formation do not do any military service in the sense of the SS.
Q I would like to ask you to be more concise. So you contend that the military Kommandanturs in concentration camps were not under the Waffen SS? The Kommandanturs were not under the command of the Waffen SS; but members of the Waffen SS were in the Kommandanturs. There is a distinction.
Q But the Waffen SS were not in charge of the Kommandanturs?
Q Another question. Before I refresh your memory on this question, is it the staff of the Waffen SS who is responsible for the crimes committed in the concentration camps?
for the guards, personnel, and the Kommandanturs of the concentration camps; and this inspector was responsible, as far as I know, for all concentration camps.
Q What was the rank of Gluecks? Do you know that name? the concentration camps.
Q I must ask you, what is his military rank? Was he a general Waffen officer?
A I believe he was a Lt. General of the Waffen SS.
COLONEL SMIRNOV: Sir, please allow me in order to refute the words of the witness to present a document which, although it is a private document, has an exceptional evidential value. I am speaking now of an order of the General major of the Waffen SS, Gluecks about the utilization of human hair in the concentration camps. If the Tribunal please, while evidence was presented concerning the Auschwitz concentration camps, when it was mentioned that the hair of hundreds of thousands of women was utilized for commercial aims, we did not know at that time what was the aim of the utilization of this hair; but now we have evidence about the utilization in this document.
Now I am quoting: "Secret. So-General Economical and Administrative Department, Department D., Concentration Camps. Oranienburg, August 6, 1942. Copy Number 13. Re: Utilization of cut hair. To: Concentration Camp Kommandants." And then the thirteen concentration camps are mentioned. I skip it.
"The Chief of the Central Economical and Administrative Department of the SS, SS-Obergruppenfuehrer Pohl, on the basis of a report submitted to him, orders that all human hair cut in concentration camps be accordingly utilized. Human hairs are spun into industrial felt and yarn. Out of combed and cut hair of women, hair-yarn stockings for u-boat crews are made, as well as hair-felt stockings for the Reich railways.
"Therefore , I order that the hair of women prisoners after due disinfection be collected. Cut hair of male prisoners must be utilized beginning with 20 millimeters length.
"SS-Obergruppenfuehrer Pohl therefore gave his consent that in the way of experiment the hair of male prisoners should be cut only when they reach a length of 20 millimeters.
"In order to avoid facilitating escape in connection with the increase of length of hair, in all cases here the Kommandant finds it necessary the prisoners should be marked in the following manner; a strip should be clipped by means of a narrow clipper through the hair.
"The hair gathered in all the camps will be utilized by creating a special production unit in one of the concentration camps.
"Here detailed instructions as to the delivery of stores of hair will be given separately.
"Reports on amount of hair gathered each month, male and female recorded separately, must be submitted on the 5th of each month, beginning with the 5th of September, 1942.
"Signed: Gluecks, SS-Brigade-Fuehrer and General major of the Waffen-SS." Waffen SS Kommandantur, Sachsenhausen. Do you still continue to say that the Kommandanturs of the concentration camps were not on the budget of the Waffen SS?
A Yes. I will explain that. The Kommandanturs of the Waffen SS, The Kommandanturs of the concentration camps, were in the nature of the Waffen SS.
Q So they were among the SS troops, weren't they?
A I said they were on the budget of the Waffen SS; but it was necessary for economic reasons when organizations were to be mentioned by the Kommandanturs, which had the possibility of working with Reich funds and with the Reich authorities.
COLONEL SMIRNOV: For clarity, on this question, may I draw your attention to the sentence where it is said, "Kommandantur K.L., Sachenhausen, Waffen SS." My word is confirmed that the Waffen SS was in charge of the Kommandantur. I have no more questions to ask.
THE PRESIDENT: Do you want to re-examine?
DR. PELCKMANN: I will ask the next witness about what I am asking now in one final question. BY DR. PELCKMANN:
Q Did you ever hear the expression "Nominal Waffen SS"?
A Yes. The expression "Nominal Waffen SS" was used by us for the guards, personnel, and Kommandanturs of the Waffen SS. As far as these Kommandanturs were in the Waffen SS at all, we called them the Nominal Waffen SS. Within the Waffen SS I already explained on the regulation for replacement, we had the Nominal Waffen SS, that is, the troops; and then on the economic budget of the Waffen SS, we had various formations which, at the order of Himmler, were put to be so that they could enjoy the advantages of the Waffen SS in regard to treatment by authorities and so forth. the Nominal Waffen SS? Kommando Amt of the Waffen SS unless they were under the Army; and this inspector of the concentration camps was not under the Kommandant of the Waffen SS and received no orders from them. The inspector of the concentration camps Gluecks office had its own channel of commend. As far as I know, it received its mail independently, and so forth; and as far as I know, it was not even connected with the WVHA., of which it was an Amtsgruppe. Thank you. BY THE TRIBUNAL (Mr. Biddle)
Q Witness, you said that the *-*mandanture were within the budget of the Waffen SS, Did you mean on the budget of the Waffen SS?
Q Of the Waffen SS?
Q And was the Inspectorate of concentration camps also on the budget of the Waffen SS?
Q How were the Waffen SS paid in the first place? Were they paid in the same manner as the Wehrmacht?
Q Were they paid the same amounts? separate budget?
Q What do you mean "yes"? Was it in the budget of the Wehrmacht, or was it a separate budget? that is, from the budget of the Wehrmacht. army, is that right?
A Yes, that's right. you were part of the Wehrmacht? He wanted a Waffen SS, a special troop.
Q You had separate uniforms, did you not? You had different uniforms from the Wehrmacht?
A We had the same uniforms, only different insignia. That is, we had the same shoulder insignia, only in addition we had stars and stripes which the Wehrmacht did not have. to Himmler's command?
A We weren't under Himmler's orders at all. Up to 1939 SS Verfuegungstruppe were under Hitler' orders; and then the Waffen SS was also under Hitler's orders as commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht.
Q. Did Himmler have anything to do with the Waffen SS?
A. Yes. For example, Himmler had the right to inspection; he had the right to make promotions, and as regards administration and care of the troops, and as far as I know in legal matters, Himmler had an influence. That was his office.
THE PRESIDENT: The witness can retire.
DR. PELCKMANN: Your Lordship, we clear up the question which the Tribunal has just asked, I consider it necessary to call the head of WVHA, the witness Puhl.
THE PRESIDENTL Is he one of was witnesses that have been allowed to you?
DR. PELCKMANN: It is not one of these witnesses. I only want to prepare orally for my written application which I shall hand in.
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal thinks you had better call your next witness, Dr. Pelckmann.
DR. PELCKMANN: The next witness will testify on the questions that you asked the last witness. I shall give my sugg estion for the cross-examination of the witness Puhl in writing.
PAUL HAUSER, a witness, took the stand and testified as follows: BY THE PRESIDENT:
Q. Will you state your full name, please?
A. Paul Hauser.
Q. Will you repeat this oath after me? truth and will withhold and add nothing.
(The witness repeated the oath)
THE PRESIDENT: You may sit down. BY DR. PELCKMANN:
Q. When were you born?
A. I was born on the 7th of October, 1830.
Q. You were a professional soldier?
A. Yes