THE TRIBUNAL (Mr. Biddle): The commissioner for labor, Mr. Dodd -you just said, "an order from the commissioner of labor." Who was that?
MR. DODD: Well, we have discussed this matter previous to our appearance here today. The document doesn't identify him by name. We are not sure. The Defendant Sauckel was called Plenipotentiary General for Labor, and we think we can't go much further, and say we don't know. It just doesn't appear.
THE TRIBUNAL (Mr. Biddle): Thank you.
MR. DODD: Reading that last sentence, "This hard punishment was accepted by the population with satisfaction previous to the measures, because both families ridiculed all the other duty-anxious families which sent their children partly voluntarily to the labor commitment." way through the paragraph, I wish to read as follows. In the German text it appears at page 3, paragraph 1:
"After the initial successes, a passive resistance of the population started, which finally forced me to start again on making arrests, confiscations, and transfers to labor camps. After a while a transport of people, obliged to work, overran the police in the railroad station in Wassilkow and escaped. I saw again the necessity for strict measures. A few ring leaders, which of course escaped before they were found in Plissezkoje and in Mitnitza. After repeated attempts to get hold of them, their houses were burned down." same document. In the German text it appears at page 5, paragraph 7. Quoting from that last paragraph on the third page:
"My actions against fugitive people obliged to work were always reported to district commissioner Doehrer, in office in Wassilkow, and to the general-commissioner (Generalkommissar) in Kiev. Both of them know the circumstances and agreed with my measures because of their success."
this morning, was the man Koch, concerning whom we quoted his statement about the master race. this labor program in the village of Biloserka in the Ukraine in cases of resistance to forced labor recruitment. Atrocities committed in this village are related in Document No. 018 PS, which is already in evidence as U.S.A. Exhibit No. 186. But in addition there is Document No. 290 PS which bears U.S.A. Exhibit No. 189. This document consists of correspondence originating within the Rosenberg Ministry, which was, of course, the office headquarters of the Defendant Rosenberg, and it is dated the 12th day of November, 1943. I wish to quote from page 1 of the English text, starting with the last line, as follows:
"But even if Mueller had been present at the burning of houses in connection with the national conscription in Biloserka, this should by no means lead to the relief of Mueller from office. It is mentioned specifically in a directive of the Commissioner General in Lusk of 21 September 1942, referring to the extreme urgency of the national conscription.
"'Estates of those who refuse to work are to be burned, their relatives are to be arrested as hostages and to be brought to forced labor camps.'" forced laborers and also in the raids on villages, burning of villages, and were directed to turn the entire population over for slave labor in Germany.
We refer to Document No. 3012 PS, which bears U.S.A. Exhibit No. 190. This document is a secret SS order and it is dated the 19th day of March, 1943. I wish to quote from page 2 of the English text starting with the third paragraph. In the German text it appears at page 2, paragraph 3. It says, and I quote it:
"The activity of the labor offices, that is, of recruiting commissions, is to be supported to the greatest extent possible. It will not be possible always to refrain from using force. During a conference with the Chief of the Labor Commitment Staffs, an agreement was reached stating that whatever prisoners can be released, they should be put at the disposal of the Commissioner of the Labor Office.
When searching villages, when it has become necessary to burn down villages, the whole population will be put at the disposal of the Commissioner by force."
THE PRESIDENT: Shouldn't you read No. 4?
MR. DODD: I beg your pardon, sir.
THE PRESIDENT: Shouldn't you read No. 4 which follows it?
MR. DODD: No. 4 says:
"As a rule, no more children will be shot." relied on for other purposes later and it sometimes may appear to the Tribunal that we are overlooking some of these excerpts, but nevertheless I am grateful to have them called to our attention because they are most pertinent to these allegations as well. for more workers for the Reich, the Commissioner General reported on the brutality of the conspirators' program, which he described as a program of coercion and slavery. And I now refer to Document No. 265 PS, which is U.S.A. Exhibit No. 191. This document is a secret report of a conference between the Commissioner General of Shitomir and the Defendant Rosenberg in the community of Winniza on the 17th of June, 1943. The report itself is dated the 30th of June, 1943 and is signed by Leyser.
Quoting it directly:
"The symptoms created by the recruiting of workers reports and his own observations.
Therefore I shall not report them.
It is certain that a recuitment of labor, in this sense of the word, can hardly be spoken of.
In most cases it is nowadays a matter of actual conscription by force."
That is the end of that quotation. Passing now to page 2 of directly:
"But as the Chief Plenipotentiary for the mobilization no other device.
I consequently have authorized the in order to achieve the imposed quota.
The deterioration further proof.
It is nevertheless essential to win the war on this front too.
The problem of labor mobilization cannot be handled with gloves."
I now wish to refer to our document No. 3000-PS, which is
U.S.A. Exhibit No. 192. This document is a partial translation of Ministry.
I wish to read from page 1 of the English text, starting "The recruitment of labor for the Reich, however necessary, had disastrous effects.
The recruitment measures have an irreparable political and economic effect.
From for the Reich so far.
Another 130,000 are to be obtained.
Considering the 2.4 million total population, these figures "Due to the sweeping drives of the SS and police in razed."
We have already referred to the conspirators' objective of and the breaking up of families, and we invite the Tribunal's attention to Document 031-PS, which is in evidence as U.S.A. Exhibit No. 171, for we desire to emphasize that the policy was applied in the Occupied Eastern Territories with the Defendant Rosenberg's 40,000 to 50,000 youths of the ages of 10 to 14.
Now, the stated purpose of this plan was to prevent a reinforcement of the enemy's military strength and to reduce the enemy's biological potentialities.
plan, the so-called high-action plan. We referred to it yesterday Further evidence of the conspirators' plan to weaken their contained in document No. 1702-PS, which bears U.S.A. Exhibit No. 193.
of December, 1943. I quote from page 3 of the English text at paragraph 1. In the German text it appears at page 12, paragraph 1. "1) The able bodied male population between 15 and 65 years of age and the cattle are to be shipped back from the district East of the line Belilowka-Berditschen-Shitomir (places excluded)." that it employed, were not limited to Poland and the Eastern Occupied Territories but covered and cursed Western Europe as well.
Frenchmen, Dutchmen, Belgians, Italians, all came to know the yoke of slavery and the brutality of their slavemasters. part of 1943, pursuant to instructions which the Defendant Speer telephoned to the Defendant Saukel at eight o'clock in the evening, on the 4th day of January, 1943, from Hitler's headquarters. I now refer to Document No. 556-PS 13, which is U.S.A. Exhibit No. 194. This document, incidentally, is a note for his own files, signed by the Defendant Sauckel, dated the 5th of January, 1943. I wish to quote from page 1 of the English text, paragraph 1 as follows:
"1) On 4th January, 1943, at 8 p.m. Minister Speer telephones from the Fuehrer's headquarters and communicates that on the basis of the Fuehrer's decision, it is no longer necessary to give special consideration to Frenchmen in the further recruiting of specialists and helpers in France. The recruiting can proceed with emphasis and sharpened measures." Sauckel improvised new impressment measures which were applied to both France and Italy by his own agents and which he himself labelled as grotesque. At a meeting of the Central Planning Board, on March 1st, 1944, Sauckel stated, and I must refer to Document No. R 124, which is U.S.A. Exhibit No. 179, and particularly page 2 and paragraph 2 of the English text; in the German text it appears at page 2, paragraph 1, Quoting directly from that page and that paragraph:
"The most abominable point made by my adversaries in their claim that no executive had been provided within those areas in order to recruit in a sensible manner the Frenchmen, Belgians and Italians and to dispatch them to work.
Thereupon, I even proceeded to employ and train a whole batch of French male and female agents who for good pay just as was done in olden times for 'shanghiing' went hunting for men and made them drunk by using liquor as well as words, in order to dispatch them to Germany.
"Moreover, I charged some able men with founding a special labor supply executive of our own, and this they did by training, and arming, with the help of the Higher SS and Police Fuehrer, a number of natives, but I still have to ask the Munitions Ministry for arms for the use of these men. For during the last year alone several dozens of very able labor executive officers have been shot dead. All these means I have to apply, grotesque as it sounds, to refute the allegation there was no executive to bring labor to Germany from these countries". with terror and abduction. I now refer to Document No. 1726-PS, which is U.S.A. Exhibit No. 195. This document is entitled "STATEMENT OF THE NETHERLANDS GOVERNMENT IN VIEW OF THE PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE GERMAN MAJOR WAR CRIMINALS". I wish to quote from enclosure "h", entitled "Central Bureau for Statistics -- The Deportation of Netherlands Workmen to Germany." It is page 1 of the English text, starting with the first paragraph and in the German text it appears at page 1, also paragraph 1, Quoting directly, it reads as follows:
"Many big and reasonably large business concerns, especially in the metal industry, were visited by German commissions who appointed workmen for deportation. This combing out of the concerns was called the 'Sauckel-action', so named, after its leader, who was charged with the appointment of foreign workmen in Germany.
"The employers had to cancel the contract with the appointed workmen temporarily, and the latter were forced to register at the labour offices, which then took care of the deportation under supervision of German 'Fachberater'.
"Workmen who refused (relatively few) were prosecuted by the 'Sicherheitsdienst' (SD). If captured by this service, they were mostly lodged for some time in one of the infamous prisoners' camps in the Netherlands and eventually put to work in Germany.
"In this prosecution the 'Sicherheitsdienst' (SD) was supported by the German Police Service, which was connected with the labor offices, and was composed of members of the N.S.D. and the like.
"At the end of April, 1942, the deportation of working labourers started on a grand scale. Consequently, in the months of May and June, the number of deportees amounted to not less than 22,000, 2,400 of which many were metal workers.
"After that the action slackened somewhat, but in October, 1942, another top was reached (2,600). After the big concerns, the smaller ones had, in their turn, to give up their personnel.
"This changed in November, 1944. The Germans then started a ruthless campaign for man-power, passing by the labour offices. Without warning, they lined off whole quarters of the towns, seized people in the streets or in the houses and deported them.
"In Rotterdam and Schiedam, where these raids took place on 10 and 11 November, the amount of people thus deported was estimated at 50,000 and 5,000 respectively.
"In other places where the raids were held later, the numbers were much lower, because one was forewarned by the events. The exact figures are not known as they have never been published by the occupants.
"The people thus seized were put to work partly in the Netherlands, partly in Germany --." the seizure of workers in Holland and I refer to Document No. 3003, which is numbered U.S.A. Exhibit No. 196. This document is a partial translation of the text of a lecture delivered by one, Lieutenant Haupt of the German Wehrmacht, concerning the situation of the war economy in the Netherlands. I wish to quote from page 1 of the English text, starting with the fourth line of paragraph 1, quoting that directly, which reads as follows:
"There had been some difficulties with the Arbeitseinsatz, that is, during the man-catching action, which became very noticeable because it was unorganized and unprepared.
People were arrested in the streets and taken out of their homes. It has been impossible to carry out a unified release procedure in advance, because for security reasons, the time for the action had not been previously announced. Certificates of release, furthermore, were to some extent not recognized by the officials who carried out the action. Not only workers who had become available through the stoppage of industry but also those who were employed, in our installations producing things for our immediate need. They were apprehended or did not dare to go into the streets. In any case it proved to be a great loss to us -." in Germany today indicate, to a very considerable extent, the length to which the conspirators' labor program succeeded. The best available Allied and German data reveal that as of January 194, approximately 4,795,000 foreign civilian workers had been put to work for the German war effort in the old Reich, and among them were forced laborers of more than 14 different nationalities. I now refer to Document 2520-PS, which is an affidavit executed by Edward L. Duess, an economic analyst. nationality and then the numbers of the various nations and another breakdown of prisoners of war and of political, so-called. The workers alone, total, according to Mr. Duess, who is an expert in the field, the 4, 795,000 figure which I have just referred to. In the second paragraph of this statement of Duess, I should like to read for the record and quote directly:
"I, Edward L. Duess, for three years employed by the Foreign Economic Administration, Washington, as an economics analyst in London, Paris and Germany, specializing in labor and population problems of Germany during the war, do hereby certify that the figures of foreign labor employed in the old Reich have been compiled on the basis of the best available German and Allied source material. The accompanying table represents a comination of German official estimates of foreigners working in Germany in January, 1945, and of American, British and French figures of the number of foreigners, actually uncovered in the old Reich since 10 May 1945."
Germany on a voluntary basis. At the March 1, 1944 meeting of this same Central Planning Board, to which we have made reference before, the Defendant Sauckel made clear himself, the vast scale on which free men had been forced into this labor slavery. He made the statement, and I quote from Document R 124, which is in evidence as U.S.A. Exhibit No 179, and from which I have quoted earlier this morning. I wish to refer to page 11 of that document, the middle paragraph, paragraph 3. In the German text it appears at page 4, paragraph 2, (the Defendant Sauckel speaking), and I quote directly from that document:
"Out of five million foreign workers who arrived in Germany, not even 200,000 came voluntarily." odd persons from their children, from their homes, from their native lands.
insisted that this vast number of wretched human beings, who were in the so-called old Reich as forced laborers, must be starved, given less than sufficient to eat, often beaten and mistreated, and permitted to die wholesale for want of food, for want of even the fundamental requirements of decent clothing, for the want of adequate shelter or indeed, sometimes just because they produced too little. Document 054-PS, which is a report made to the Defendant Rosenberg, concerning the treatment of Ukranian labor. I wish to refer to Document 054-PS, which bears the number U.S.A. Exhibit 198. Before quoting from it directly, according to this report the plight of these hapless victims was aggravated because many were dragged off without opportunity to collect their possessions. Indeed, men and women were snatched from bed and lodged in cellars, pending deportation. Some arrived in night clothing. Brutal guards beat them. They were locked in railroad cars for long periods without any toilet facilities at all, without food, without water, without heat. The women were subjected to physical and moral indignities and indecencies during medical examinations. of a covering letter to the Defendant Rosenberg, first of all, and is signed by one Theurer, a Lieutenant in the Wehrmacht, to which is attached a copy of a report by the Commandant of the Collecting Center for Ukrainian Specialists at Charkow, and it also consists of a letter written by one of the specialists in the Rosenberg office - no, by one of the workers, not in the Rosenberg office, but one of the specialists they were recruiting, by the name of Grigori. I wish to quote from the report at page 2, starting at paragraph 4 of the English text and in the German text it appears at page 3, paragraph 4. Quoting directly from that page of the English text:
"The starosts, that is village elders, are frequently corruptible, they continue to have the skilled workers, whom they drafted, dragged from their beds at night to be locked up in cellars until they are shipped.
Since the male and female workers often are not given any time to pack their luggage, and so forth, many skilled workers arrive at the Collecting Center for Skilled Workers with equipment entirely insufficient (without shoes, only two dresses, no eating and drinking utensils, no blankets, etc.). In particularly extreme cases, new arrivals therefore have to be sent back again immediately to get the things most necessary for them. If people do not come along at once, threatening and beating of skilled, workers by the above mentioned militia is a daily occurrence and is reported from most of the communities. In some cases women were beaten until they could no longer march. One bad case in particular was reported by me to the commander of the civil police here (Colonel Samek) for severe punishment (place Sozokinkow, district Dergatschni). The encroachments of the starosts and the militia are of a particularly grave nature because they usually justify themselves by claiming that all that is done in the name of the German Armed Forces. In reality, the latter have conducted themselves throughout in a highly understanding manner toward the skilled workers and the Ukrainian population. The same, however, cannot be said of some of the administrative agencies. To illustrate this be it mentioned, that a woman once arrived being dressed with barely more than a shirt." line of the third paragraph and in the German text it appears at page 5, paragraph 2, quoting directly again:
"On the basis of reported incidents, attention must be called to the fact that it is irresponsible to keep workers locked in the cars for many hours so that they cannot even take care of the calls of nature. It is evident that the people of a transport must be given an opportunity from time to time, in order to get drinking water, to wash, and in order to relieve themselves. Cars have been shown in which people had made holes so that they could take care of the calls of nature. When nearing bigger stations, persons should, if possible, relieve themselves far from these stations."
Turning to page 5 of the same document, paragraph 12; in the German text it appears at page 6, paragraph 1:
"The following abuses were reported from the delousing stations:
"In the women's and girls' shower rooms, services were partly performed by men or men would mingle around or even helped with the soaping and vice versa, there were female personnel in the men's shower rooms; men also for sometime were taking photographs in the women's shower rooms. Since mainly Ukrainian peasants were transported in the last months, as far as the female portion of these are concerned, they were mostly of a high moral standard and used to strict decency, they must have considered such a treatment as a national degradation. The above mentioned abuses have been, according to our knowledge, settled by the intervention of the transport commanders. The reports of the photographing were made from Halle; the reports about the former were made from Kiewerce. Such incidents in complete disregard with honor and respect of the Greater German Reich may still occur again here or there." discriminately with the rest. Those who managed to survive the trip into Germany, but who arrived too sick to work, were returned like cattle, together with those who fell ill at work, because they were of no further use to the Germans. The return trip took place under the same terrible conditions as the initial journey, and without any kind of medical supervision. Death came to many and their corpses were unceremoniously dumped out of the cars, with no provision for burial.
I quote from page 3, paragraph 3 of Document 054-PS. In the German text it appears at page 2, paragraph 3. Quoting directly:
"Very depressing for the morale of the skilled workers and the population is the effect of those persons shipped back from Germany for having become disabled or not having been fit for labor commitment from the very beginning. Several times already transports of skilled workers on their way to Germany have crossed returning transports of such disabled persons and have stood on the tracks alongside of each other for a longer period of time.
These returning transports are insufficiently cared for. Nothing but sick, injured or weak people, mostly 56 to 60 in a car, are usually escorted by 3 to 4 men. There is neither sufficient care or food. The returnees made frequently unfavourable -- but surely exaggerated -- statements relative to their treatment in Germany and on the way. As a result of all this and of what the people could see with their own eyes, a psychosis of fear was evoked among the specialist workers, that is, the whole transport to Germany. Several transport leaders of the 62nd and the 63rd in particular reported thereto in detail. In one case the leader of the transport of skilled workers observed with his own eyes how a person who died of hunger was unloaded from a returning transport on the side track. (First Lt. Hofman of the 63rd Transport Station, Darniza). Another time it was reported that three dead had to be deposited by the side of the tracks on the way and had to be left behind unburied by the escort. It is also regrettable that these disabled persons arrive here without any identification. According to the reports of the transport commanders, one gets the impression that these persons unable to work, are assembled, penned into the wagons and sent off provided only by a few men escorts, and without special care for food and medical or other attendance. The labor Office at the place of arrival as well as the transport commanders confirm this impression." shared cars with those infected with tuberculosis or venereal diseases. Babies, when born, were hurled out of these car windows and dying persons lay on the bare floors of freight cars without even the small comfort of straw.
I refer to Document 984-PS, which is U.S.A. Exhibit No. 199. This document is an interdepartmental report, prepared by Dr. Gutkelch, in the Defendant Rosenberg's Ministry and it is dated the 30th of September, 1942. I wish to quote from page 10 of the English text, starting with the fourth line from the top of the page. In the German text it appears at page 22, paragraph 1.
Quoting directly from that paragraph:
"How necessary this interference was is shown by the fact that this train with returning laborers had stopped at the same place where a train with newly recruited Eastern laborers had stopped. Because of the corpses in the trainload of returning laborers, a catastrophe might have been precipitated had it not been for the mediation of Mrs. Miller. In this train women gave birth to babies who were thrown out of the windows during the journey, people having tuberculosis and venereal diseases rode in the same car, dying people lay in freight cars without straw, and one of the dead was thrown on the railway embankment. The same must have occurred in other returning transports." Sauckel himself in a decree which he issued on the 20th of July, 1942; and I refer specifically to Document No. 2241-PS-3, which is USA Exhibit No. 200. I ask that the Tribunal take judicial notice of the original decree, which is published in Section B-1-a, at page 18-e, of a book entitled "Die Beschaeftigung von Auslaendischen Arbeitskraeften im Deutschland." I quote from page 1, paragraph 2, of the English text, and I am quoting directly:
"According to reports of transportation commanders (Transportleiters) presented to me, the special trains provided by the German railway have frequently been in a really deficient condition. Numerous windowpanes have been missing in the coaches. Old French coaches without lavatories have been partly employed so that the workers had to fit up an emptied compartment as as lavatory. In other cases, the coaches were not heated in winter" so that the lavatories quickly became unusable because the Water system was frozen and the flushing apparatus was therefore without water." number of the documents which we have referred to--and which we have offered-consist of complaints by functionaries of the Defendant Rosenberg's ministry, or by others, concerning the conditions under which foreign workers were recruited and lived. I think it is appropriate to say that these documents have been presented by the Prosecution really for two purposes, or for a dual purpose, to establish, first, the facts recited therein, of course, but also to show that these conspirators had knowledge of these conditions, and that notwithstanding their knowledge of these conditions, these conspirators continued to countenance and assist in this enslavement program of a vast number of citizens of occupied countries.
unbelievable brutality and degradation by their captors; and the character of this treatment was in part made plain by the conspirators' own statements, as in Document No. 016-PS, which is in evidence as USA Exhibit No. 168, and I refer to page 12, paragraph 2 of the English text; in the German text it appears at page 17, paragraph 4.
Quoting directly:
"All the men must be fed, sheltered, and treated in such a way as to exploit them to the highest possible extent at the lowest conceivable degree of expenditure." adherent in the Defendant Speer who, in the presence of the Defendant Sauckel, said, at a meeting of the Central Planning Board--and I refer to Document No. R-124, which is already in evidence and which has been referred to previously. It bears the Exhibit number 179. I refer particularly to page 42 of that Document R-124, and paragraph 2 of that page 42. The Defendant Speer speaking at that meeting:
"We must also discuss the slackers. Ley has ascertained that the sick-list decreased to one-fourth or one-fifth in factories where doctors are on the staff who are examining the sick men. There is nothing to be said against SS and police taking drastic steps and putting those known as slackers into concentration camps. There is no alternative. Let it happen several times and the news will soon go around." Milch agreed that so far as workers were concerned--and again I refer to Document R-124, and to page 26, paragraph 2 in the English text; and in the German Text at page 17, paragraph 1. Field Marshal Milch, speaking at a meeting of the Central Planning Board when the Defendant Speer was present-and I am quoting directly:
"The list of the shirkers should be entrusted to Himmler's trustworthy hands."
THE PRESIDENT: Page 17?
MR. DODD: No, Your Honor; page 26, paragraph 2. The page 17 was of the German text; in the English text it is at page 26.
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you.
MR. DODD: Milch made particular reference to foreign workers-again in this Document R-124, at page 26, paragraph 3; in the German text it appears at page 18, paragraph 3--when he said, and I am quoting him directly:
"It is therefore not possible to exploit fully all the foreigners unless we compel them by piece-work or we have the possibility of taking measures against foreigners who are not doing their bit." policy as expressed by the conspirators. Indeed, these impressed workers were underfed and overworked, and they were forced to live in grossly overcrowded camps where they were held as virtual prisoners, and were otherwise denied adequate shelter, adequate clothing, adequate medical care and treatment and, as a consequence, they suffered from many diseases and ailments. They were generally forced to work long hours, up to and beyond the point of exhaustion. They were beaten and subjected to all manner of inhuman indignities. prevailed in the Krupp factories. Foreign laborers at the Krupp works were given insufficient food to enable them to perform the work required of them.
I refer to Document No. D-316, which is USA Exhibit No. 201. This document was found in the Krupp files.
It is a memorandum upon the Krupp stationery to a Mr. Hupe, a director of the Krupp Locomotive Factory in Essen, Germany, dated the 14th of March, 1942.
I wish to refer to page 1 of the English text, starting with paragraph 1, as follows, and I am quoting directly:
"During the last few days we established that the food for the Russians employed here is so miserable, that the people are getting weaker from day to day.
"Investigations showed that single Russians are not able to place a piece of metal for turning into position, for instance, because of lack of physical strength.
The same conditions exist in all places of work where Russians are employed."
The condition of foreign workers in Krupp workers' camps is described in detail in an affidavit executed in Essen, Germany, by Dr. Wilhelm Jager, who was the senior camp doctor. It is Document No. 288, which is USA Exhibit No. 202.
THE PRESIDENT: 288-PS?
MR. DODD: D-288.
"I, Dr. Wilhelm Jager, am a general practitioner in Essen, Germany, and its surroundings. I was born in Germany on 2 December, 1888, and now live at Kettwig, Sengenholz, Germany. I make the following statement of my own free will. I have not been threatened in any way and I have not been promised any sort of reward.
"On the 1st of October, 1942, I became senior camp doctor in Krupp's workers' camps, and was generally charged with the medical supervision of all Krupp's workers' camps in Essen. In the course of my duties it was my responsibility to report upon the sanitary and health conditions of the workers' camps to my superiors in the Krupp works. It was a part of my task to visit every Krupp camp which housed foreign civilian workers, and I am therefore able to make this statement on the basis of my personal knowledge.
"My first official act as senior camp doctor was to make a thorough inspection of the various camps. At that time, in October 1942, I found the following conditions:
"The eastern workers and Poles who labored in the Krupp works at Essen were kept at camps at Seumannstrasse, Spenlestrasse, Grieperstrasse, Heecstrasse, Germaniastrasse, Kapitan-Lehmannstrasse, Dechenschule, and Kramerplatz. (When the term "eastern workers" is hereinafter used, it is to be taken as including Poles.) All of the camps were surrounded by barbed wire and were closely guarded.
"Conditions in all of these camps were extremely bad. The camps were greatly overcrowded. In some camps there were twice as many people in a ERRATUM SHEET