"The construction of the machine for the preparation of soap was completed some time in March or April 1944. The building of the building where this machine was supposed to be was completed in June of 1942. The machine itself was installed by a civilian firm in Danzig by the name of Arrd, which was not connected with war production. As far as I remember, it consisted of an electrically heated tank in which the bones of the corpses were mixed with some acid and melted down. This process of melting took about twenty-four hours. The fat portions of the corpses and particularly those of females was put into a crude enamel tank, heated by a couple of Belsen burners. Some acid was also used for this purpose. I believe that this was caustic soda. When boiling had been completed, the mixture was allowed to cool and then was cut into blocks and used for ammunition. I can not estimate exactly the quantity produced, but I say it used by Danzigers in cleaning tables in the dissecting room. The people who used this soap assured me that this was the best soap for this object."
I submit semi-manufactured soap and completely manufactured soap. This is a small piece of ready soap. When this remains in your possession a few months it reminds you of quite ordinary household soap. already completely achieved. As that concerns skin, the skin completely manufactured is the one on the left side of the tablet. One can consider that as far as the industrial fabrication of soap is concerned, experiments in the Danzig laboratory as to the fabrication of skin being carried out, and the extraordinary advance of the Red Army put an end to this crime of the Nazis. war crimes against inhabitants of citizens of the USSR. Besides, certain witnesses will arrive here from the Soviet Union concerning the counts which I have treated. I will beg the permission of the Tribunal to examine these witnesses when further statements will be made by our prosecution. Before submitting a last proof, I beg the Tribunal to allow me to make a few-conclusive remarks which will take only a few minutes. occupied territories of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Greece cannot be exhausted in one vast statement.
One can only choose a few very typical cases of cruel, base, and systematic methods adopted by the main criminals who had conceived these crimes, as well as those who carried out these crimes. Those who are now on the Defendants' bench freed the chimera which they called conscience of hundreds and thousands and millions of criminals. They educated these criminals and created for them an atmosphere of impunity, and drove their bloodthirsty hounds against peaceful citizens. These mocked the conscience and dignity of man. who were torn to shreds, those whose bodies were burned in the ovens of crematoriums and whose ashes were blown to the winds, appeal to the conscience of the world. We cannot now name, only number, the places where millions were vilely murdered, but on the damp walls of the gas chambers, in the shooting places, in the throes of death, in the stone grounds of the prisons we can now still read the short notes of the condemned people who called for retribution, and feel deep sorrow. And let the live ones remember these voices of the victims of German-Fascist terror, who inscribed on the walls, who appealed before their death for justice and for retribution. As a last proof I submit to the Tribunal the commentary and the sworn affidavit of the documentary film. I beg the Tribunal to accept this documentary film as proof of evidence. I also beg the Tribunal to allow, if possible, a short recess; about ten minutes.
(A recess was taken.)
COLONEL SMIRNOV: May I have your permission to now present documentary evidence?
(The film entitled, "The Atrocities by the German Fascist Aggressors," presented by the Soviet Union, was shown.)
THE PRESIDENT: Have you finished your address?
COLONEL SMIRNOV: I have finished the presentation of my evidence.
THE PRESIDENT: Can you inform the Tribunal how much longer the Soviet Delegation is likely to be?
COLONEL SMIRNOV: The Soviet Prosecution as a whole?
THE PRESIDENT: Yes.
COLONEL SMIRNOV: I am afraid I cannot give you the exact information on it. I will ask my colleague, General Rudenko.
GENERAL RUDENKO: Tomorrow we shall begin the presentation of evidence on spoliation and pillage of communal and prvate property, and we think that the Prosecutor presenting this part of the question will finish or conclude it tomorrow. destruction of cities, villages, monuments of natural culture, and art. That will take approximately a day and a half. In other words I mean a full session, a full day of the session on Thursday and a half of a day on the next day. During the presentation of this evidence we will have to present also the documentary film. This section will take approximately three to four hours. The final section will be Crimes against Humanity, and during the presentation of the evidence in all the sections, with the permission of the Tribunal, we shall call several witnesses. because it has connected with it difficulties of bringing the witnesses here in Nurnberg. This list will be formulated tomorrow towards the end of the session. Altogether, as a resume, I consider that the entire presentation will conclude either Tuesday or Wednesday of next week.
THE PRESIDENT: We will adjourn now.
(The Tribunal adjourned until 20 February, 1946, at 10.
00 hours.)
GENERAL RUDENKO: Mr. President, with the permission of the Tribunal, proofs regarding the count "Despoliation and Plunder of Private, Public and National Property" will be presented by the State Councillor of Justice, Second Class, L. R. Sheynin.
R. L. R. SHEYNIN: May it please your Honors: predatory motives of the Hitlerite aggression and of the monstrous plunder of the peoples of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece and the USSR. on other European countries, was planned and prepared beforehand by the criminal Hitlerite Government.
I will submit to the Tribunal a number of the conspirators' original documents and their own statements and speeches, which, in the aggregate, will prove that the despoliation and plunder of private, public and national property in the occupied territories was also premeditated, planned and prepared on a large scale, and that, thus, simultaneously with the development in advance of purely military and strategic plans of attack, the Hitlerites, in cold blood, with the deliverateness of professional robbers and murderers, also developed and prepared beforehand the plan of organized plunder and marauding, having minutely and accurately calculated their future profits, their criminal gains, their thugs' spoils. committed by the Hitlerites on the territory of the Czechoslovakian Republic, the first victim of German aggression, has already been submitted to the Tribunal as exhibit USSR-60.
an article by Ley, published on 30 January 1940 in the "Angriff". I quote;
"It is our destiny to belong to a race of high standing.
food and less culture than a race of high standing." the fact that the Hitlerite conspirators subjected all territories occupied by them to unrestrained plunder, which was varied in form and method and yet identical in its devastating results.
The Czechoslovakian Government's report contains a large number of examples concerning respective counts of the Indictment. Russian translation, first paragraph:
"The German plan of campaign against Czechoslovakia was aimed not only against the Republic as a political and military unit, but against the very existence of the Czechoslovak people, who were to be robbed not only of all political rights and cultured life, but of their wealth and their financial and industrial resources.
"Immediate Plunder.
"After Munich.
"Immediately after Munich the Germans seized all the industrial and commercial concerns belonging to the Czechs and Jews in the ceded areas of the Republic, all without compensation. Czechs and Jews were robbed of all house property, all business and factory premises, usually by violence and often with bloodshed." he had just seized. I shall read into the record sub-paragraph "b" of this section entitled:
"After the Invasion of March 15th, 1939". The Tribunal will find this excerpt on page 3 and 4 of the document book. I quote:
"HITLER entered Prague at nightfall on March 15, 1939, and spent the night there in the famous castle of Hradcany. Early next day he left, but he took with him a number of valuable tapestries.
We mention this robbery not owing to the value of those gobelins, but as an example set by the head of the Party and the German State on the very first day of invasion.
"The German troops who invaded Prague brought with them a German staff of economic experts, i.e., of experts in economic looting.
"Everything that could be of some value to Germany was taken, especially considerable stocks of raw materials, vast stocks of cooper, tin, iron, cotton, wool, great stocks of food, etc.
"Rolling stock, carriages, trucks, engines and so on were taken by the Reich. All the rails in the Protectorate which were in good condition were taken up and sent to Germany, and they were afterwards replaced by old rails brought from Germany. New trolley-busses which were on order for the Prague Municipal Tramways and had just been completed were deflected from their purpose and sent to the Reich.
"The vessels belonging to the Czechoslovak Danube Steam Navigation Company (the majority of shares belong to the Czechoslovak State) were divided between the Reich and Hungary.
"Valuable objects of art and furniture disappeared from public buildings, without even an attempt at a legal justification of this robbery; pictures, statues, tapestries were taken to Germany. The Czech National Museum, the Modern Art Gallery, and public and private collections were plundered.
"The Reich German Commissar of the Czechoslovak National Bank stopped all payments of currency abroad and seized all the gold stock and foreign bills in the Protectorate. Thus the Germans took 23,000 kilogrammes of gold of a nominal value of 737,000 million crowns (15,265,000) by transferring the gold deposited in the Bank of International Settlement to the Reichsbank." called economic Germanisation. I submit to the Tribunal, as proof of these crimes, the following excerpts from the official Czechoslovakian report. This excerpt will be found on page 4 and 5 of the document book.
"Economic Germanization. "A. Rural Expropriation. After Munich "In the areas occupied by the German army at the beginning of October 1938 Germany began to settle her nationals on all farms whose Czech or Jewish occupant had fled for political or racial reasons.
"The Czechoslovak Land Reform Act of 1919, in so far as it benefited Czech nationals, was declared invalid; Czech settlers were expelled from their estates and compelled to relinquish their cattle, agricultural implements, and furniture On paper the Czech settlers were compensated; in fact they were charged taxes and sums to cover the so-called deliberate damage they were waid to have caused by escaping.
These taxes and sums more than balanced the compensation. public became automatically Reich property and come under the jurisdiction of the Reich Ministries concerned." representatives of the Czechoslovak Republic in state-owned plants. "Aryanisation". body called "Deutsche Siedlungagesellschaft" (German Settlement Society), located in Prague. prices. pauperising as many well-to-do Czechs as possible. Here too, their aim was twofold: to get hold of on one side, as much food-stuff as they could and to Germanize as much as possible. whole agricultural districts were cleared of Czechs in this way. The agricultural co-operatives charged with the control of production were transformed into compulsory organizations and were progressively Germanized. ducts of the soil. Heavy fines and often even the death penalty were imposed on Czech peasants for intentionally disregarding the orders about production, delivery and rationing.
B. Expropriation of Banks and Holdings. banks, which often own or control the majority of shares. By getting control of the banks, the Nazis got control of industry. Bank took over the branches of Prague banks, situated in the ceded territory. Thus the Dresdner Bank took over, among others, 32 branches of the Bohemian Discount Bank; and the Deutsche Bank, among others, 25 branches of the Bohemian Union Bank. Branch Banks they endeavoured to gain influence also upon the Prague Headquarters of these respective banks.
The Czechoslovak banks were joint stock companies. Every Joint Stock Company even with only one Jewish director was considered to be Jewish. Thus non-Jewish property was taken over as well. of Aryanisation, the property of the Bank of Dresden; the German bank took over, among others, the Union Bank of Bohemia. In this way all financial interests which these banks had in Czech industry, as well as their entire share-capital, fell into German hands.
the Czech banks, their expropriation and incorporation into the German bank system. The "Dresdner Bank" (being the actual establishment for handling the funds of the National Socialist Party) and the "Deutsche Bank" were officially entrusted with the task of expropriating the funds belonging to the Czechoslovak Banking concerns.
By diverse so-called "transactions," by gaining influence through the Sudeten Branch Banks upon the Prague Headquarters of the respective banks, by reducing the share capital and then increasing it with German help, by acquisition of industrial holdings and thus gaining influence upon the controlling banks, by depriving banks of their industrial interest, etc., the two Berlin banks gained complete control over the banks of the Protectorate. Gestapo terror helped them, count entitled, "Destruction of National Industry." compulsory organization of the Czech industry of the Protectorate. manufacturing groups, putting at least one Nazi on each of them, either as chairman or vice-chairman or quite innocently as an ordinary member. However, practically all the Czech members remained mere lay figures. Armament Factories: The Dresdner Bank acquired the most important armament factories of Czechoslovakia, i.e., the Skoda Works in Pilsen and the Czechoslovak Zbrojovka in Brno. The private share-holders were forced to surrender their shares far below their actual value: the bank paid for these shares with bank notes which had been withdrawn from circulation, or which the Germans had confiscated in the districts ceded by the Munich agreement. The Hermann Goering Concern. over industry, through the big Berlin banks, was accomplished through the gigantic Hermann Goering concern which, one by one, seized the greatest Czechoslovak industries at the smallest financial cost, that is to say, by the chief pretext of Aryanization, by pressure from the Reich, by financial measure, and by the threat of Gestapo and concentration camps.
coal and iron industry fell into German hands. The great chemical industry was absorbed by the German concern, I. G. Farben Industrie. the light industry and pass on to the next count entitled "Financial Spoliation." accordance with the Munich agreement, the Germans refused to take over part of the Czechoslovak State Debt, although they acquired very valuable State property in the districts taken away from Czechoslovakia. One thousand, six hundred million crowns worth of State obligations of low denominations have been in circulation in the ceded territory. The Germans enforced the right for themselves to use these obligations in Czechoslovakia as legal tender. the many measures of spoliation regarding the financial husbandry of the Czechoslovak Republic. I will not quote excerpts from this count, and will only quote a few results stated by the Czechoslovak National Bank. I wish to state that the Czechoslovak National Bank wrote down to its credit all those sums which the Germans had to return in payment of all goods bought. figures for "other assets" in millions of crowns.
I now quote an excerpt from the count entitled, "Taxes."
Protectorate with an annual sum of 2000 million crowns (1, 14,200,000). The Nazis claimed that they were legally entitled to this on the grounds that the Czechs did not have to fight, because the Germans fought for them. of various indirect taxes and diverted then straight into the Reich Treasury. report of the Czechoslovak Government give an adequate picture of the manner in which, after having seized Czechoslovakia, the Hitlerites subjected it to wanton plunder in every domain of economic life-husbandry, industry and finance. the Czechoslovakian Republic, the Hitlerite Government forced these resources to serve their own criminal interest, extracting from them everything possible in order to prepare further aggression against the peoples of Europe, now military attacks, pursuing the one monstrous object of achieving world domination by the German so-called "master race." Plunder of Private and Public Property in Poland. official report of the Polish Government dealing with crimes committed by the Hitlerites in Poland occupied by them. This report has already been presented to the Tribunal as exhibit USSR-93 and, according to Article 21 of the Charter, is unquestionably admissible evidence. I quote an excerpt from this report which the Tribunal will find on page 14 of the document book. Expropriation and Plunder of Public and Private Property.
a) As early as September 27th, 1939, the German military authorities issued a decree concerning the sequestration and confiscation of Polish property in the Western Provinces. "The property of the Polish State, of Polish public institutions, municipalities and unions, individuals and corporations can be seized and confiscated," stated paragraph 1 of the said decree.
b) The powers of the military authorities to dispose of Polish property in the incorporated provinces passed to a special Trustee Board entitled, Hauptreuhandstelle Ost, established by Goering on November 1st, 1939. With its headquarters in Berlin and branch offices in Poland, it was entrusted with the administration of confiscated property of the Polish State, as well as with the economic policy in Poland in accordance with the plan devised by the Reich Government.
c) By a decree of January 15, 1940, the whole property of the Polish State was put under "protection," which practically meant confiscation of the whole State property in the incorporated territories. A special decree of February 12, 1940, dealt with agriculture and forests with the same effect.
d) The confiscation of private property in the western provinces was initiated by a decree of January 31, 1940. Acquisition of rights or shares, the transfer of any business out of or into the incorporated territory, required, special permission. By another decree of June 12, 1940, Goering authorized the Hauptreuhandstelle Ost to seize and administer not only State property, but also the property of citizens of the "former Polish State."
e) The process of confiscation, however, went further. The property of Polish citizens became liable to seizure and confiscation unless the owner acquired German citizenship in accordance with Hitler's decree of October 8, 1939. sequestrators were authorized to repay debts to privileged creditors only and citizens of the Reich or of the city of Danzig for debts contracted after September 1, 1939. were specially created in view of the plundering of this property and also the plundering of the Polish-Jewish population, which, as is already known to the Tribunal, was later exterminated, and pass on to the conclusive part of the Polish report.
The Tribunal will find the excerpt on page 17 of the document book. wrong impression as to the way the guilty dealt with Jewish property in Poland. But one has to remember that steps concerning Jewish property were only preliminaries to much greater crimes to come.
In the conclusive part of the report it is justly stated:
"In addition to the crimes which have been proved here, there are thousands of others which are overshadowed by the enormity of mass murder, mass plunder and mass destruction." under the direct leadership of the Defendant Frank, who headed all the administration in the so-called "Government General."
Frank's diaries which were found and became part of the evidence in this case, give a clear and concrete idea of the crimes committed by the Hitlerites in Poland under his direction. In these diaries entries also are contained which have a direct bearing on the subject of my presentation.
of evidence concerning the plunder of Poland with excerpts from this diary, which was submitted to the Tribunal previously as Exhibit USSR-223.
I quote from the volume entitled "Conference of the Leaders of Departments for 1939 - 1940, pages 11 and 12. In your document book, gentlemen, this excerp is at page 21:
"My relationship with the Foles is like the relationship between an ant and a plant louse. When I treat the Poles in a helpful way, so to speak tickle them in a friendly manner, then I do it in the expectation that their work performance redounds to my benefit. This is not a political, but a purely tactical-technical problem. In cases where, in spite of all measures, the performance does not increase, or where the slightest act gives me occasion to step in, I would not even hesitate to take the most Draconic action."
From the volume entitled "Diary, 1942," I quote:
Dr. Frank: "We must remember that the 540,000,000 zlotys of the Lank of Poland, expended in the annexed Eastern Territories, were taken by the Government General without any compensation from the Reich. This make a contribution of more than half a billion which the Government General paid to Germany, in addition to other financial services," From the same volume, page 1277 - this concern?
the Governor's Conference which took place on the 7th of December, 1942 in Crscow, Measures for increasi production for the year? 1942-43 were discussed. A certain Dr. Fischer stated" "If the new food plan is carried out, it would mean that in Warsaw and its suburbs alone 500,000 people would be deprived of food," From the same volume, at page 1331, Frank speaks;"I shall endeavor to take out from the reserves of this province all that it is still possible to find If you recall that I was able to send to Germany 600,000 tons of grain, to which should be added 180,000 tons reserved for local troops, as well as many thousands of tons of seed, fats, vegetables, as well as expert to Germany of 300 million eggs, tec.
, then you will understand the importance of this region for Germany."
The same Frank, at page 1332, stated the following; the Tribunal will fine this quotation on page 27 of the document book:
"Nevertheless, these supplies to the Reich had a definitely dark side to then, since the supplies for which we were responsible exceeded the victualing possibilities of the Region. This faces us with the following problem. Can we, as from the 2nd of April, deprive the two million inhabitants of the region, who are not of German nationality, of their entire food supply?
In the volume entitled "Workers' Conference" for 1943, we find an excerpt concerning the converence of the 14th of April, 1943, which took place in Cracow. On page 28 of the document book, the Tribunal will find the excerpt which I wish to read into the record. 1943-1944, "One thousand 500 tons of various sweets for the German; 36 millio liters of skimmed milk for the Germans; 15,100,000 liters of full-cream milk for the Germans."
At page 24 the same Frank continues; this is at page 28 of the document book;
"Last year, out of the whole quantity of livestock requisitioned, the Governor General borrowed more than 20 percent of the total amount. On this occasion cattle were slaughtered which were essential for the production of milk and butter. This was done to guarantee supplies for the Reich and the Army. In order to supply 120,000 tons of meat, it was necessary to slaughter 40 percent of all the available livestock."
And further:
"To a question of the Governor General, President Naumann replied that in 1940, 383,000 tons of grain were carried off; in 1941, 683,000 tons; and in 1942, one and a half million tons.
"It is evident from these figures that the requisitions increase from year to year and steadily approach the extreme limits of still possible seizures. Now they are prepared to increase the requisitions by 200,000 tons, and there we will reach the uppermost limits of these seizures. The hunger of the Polish peasant can be increased only to such a point where he will still be able to work his fields and carry out the work which would be expected from over and above his labors in the field, such as the supply of wood, etc."
However, the quotation read by me from Naumann's reply had in no way influenced the policy of the merciless plunder of the Polish people, whose fate, in Frank's own word, interested him only from one definite angle.
In the volume entitled, "From the 1st of January to the 28th of February, 1944," there is the following statement by Frank, made at the conference of the leaders of German agriculture on the 12th of January, 1944. The Tribunal will find this excerpt at page 30:
"If we should win the war, then, as far as I am concerned, Poles, Ukramni and all the other people milling around can be turned into minced meat. Let come what may." as a representative of the Soviet Prosecution, to add anything to the section dealing with the crimes committed by the Hitlerite criminals on the territory of the Polish State. Indeed, one sentence quoted is more than sufficient to have an exact conception of the regime created in Poland, by Frank, and of Frank himself who created this regime.
Plunder of private and public property in Yugoslavia: out by the Hitlerites in Yugoslavia, I must, Your Honors, read the relevant section of the official report of the Yugoslav Government, submitted to the International Military Tribunal by the Soviet Prosecution as USSR Exhibit 36. This report, in accordance with Article 21 of the Charter, presents irrefutable evidence.
Count 6 of this report, entitled "Plunder of Public and private Property", reads as fellows-this count is on page 32 and the following pages of the document book:
"6. Plunder of Public and Private Property:
"Together with the systematic plunder of public and private property in Yugoslavia, exploitation of manpower was systematically carried out. This plunder was carried out in the various manners end within the framework of various measures which were taken and, in any case, through which Germany succeeded in exhausting completely all the economic forces and values in occupied Yugoslavia, and in destroying her nearly completely from an economic point of view."
We will give here only a few examples of this planned system of plunder:
A. Currency and Credit Measures: entry into Yugoslavia, carried out a series of currency measures which enabled them to take out of Yugoslavia all kinds of goods at an insignificant price. As early as the 14th of April, 1941--that is to say, even before the occupation of Yugoslavia was actually completed--the Commander of the German land forces, "on the basis of the authority received from the Fuehrer and Supreme Commander of the German armed forces", issued the "Proclamation concerning occupied Yugoslav Territory." one German mark. Thus, an artificial and enforced lowering of the value of the dinar in relation to the Reichsmark was carried out, though the real rate of exchange before the war was much mere favorable to the Yugoslav currency. of the Hague Convention, as well as the existence of a plan prepared in advance for the undermining of the Yugoslav currency.
proclamation as USSR Exhibit 140. introduction of German bonds--Reichskreditkassenschein--as an obligatory means of payment in the occupied territory of Yugoslavia. This measure was also introduced in the proclamation which was submitted to the Tribunal as USSR Exhibit 140. These so-called "occupation marks", which were without any economic foundation and without any value whatsoever in Germany itself, were issued in Yugoslavia in accordance with the needs of the German forces of occupation authorities in general, and so served as an obligatory means of payment for German predatory purchases. bonds were withdrawn. This took place after the Germans had already bought up nearly everything that could be purchased in Yugoslavia, and when the Yugoslav State Bank had been liquidated and all its properties plundered; and in its stead the Germans created the so-called Serbian National Bank. However, in order that the Germans, even on this occasion, could suffer no damage, the Serbian National Bank was forced to exchange the so-called "occupation marks" for thenew dinars which the bank issued. The marks which were thus withdrawn the Germans simply withdrew, in turn, for the Serbian National Bank, against a mere receipt. In this way one of the most ruthless plunders was carried out, which cost Yugoslavia many hundreds of millions of dinars. withdrawl of the Reichskreditkassen currency of June 30, 1942, as USSR Exhibit 194, and also a certified copy of thelaw of the Serbian Currency Bank of May 29, 1941, as USSR Exhibit 135. carried out a forceful and illegal liquidation of the Yugoslav State Bank, considering that Yugoslavia no longer existed, and that they took advantage of this liquidation in order to carry out plunder on an enormous scale. for the purpose of creating an instrument for their exploitationist economic and currency policies in Serbia. They controlled its activities through organs appointed by themselves. Besides many others, the example with the Yugoslav metal coins is very characteristic of German methods. The Yugoslav metal currency, which consisted of a certain per cent of silver and brass, was withdrawn and replaced by coins of an especially poormetal mixture.
There is no particular need to stress the fact that the Germans carried away the whole quantity of the withdrawn Yugoslav coins of a better quality.
B. Requisitioning and Fines:
repeatedly declared that fixed prices were the Magna Carta of the rearmament program. The Defendant Goering, on March 26, 1943, passed a decree which demanded the further lowering of prices of all goods imported from the occupied countries. A similar evolution of prices was attained through requisitioning, confiscations, fines, and through a special price policy. enforced right to purchase goods from the procedures, the Government of the Reich was enabled to plunder thoroughly the Yugoslav people. This went so far that even the Quislings who collaborated with the Germans had frequently to declare that the quotas of goods demanded by the Germans could not be fulfilled. of the Quisling Administration of Milan Nedic, of February 12, 1944, stated:
"The requisitioning of cattle greatly affects the peasants for two reasons:
"1. Through this large seizure of cattle, the peasant will remain without the necessary cattle for agricultural work. Whilst, on the one hand, it isurged that every inch of ground should be cultivated, on the other, the cattle is taken away in a ruthless manner.
"2. Prices are very low, so that the peasant feels that his livestock is being taken away almost without any compensation whatsoever." numerous. imposition of various money fines. Thus, the cash fines imposed in Belgrade itself during 1943 by the field commanders amounted to 48,018,086 dinars, In Nish, during the first three and a half months of 1943, the cash fines amounted to 5,056,000 dinars. accounts through which the export of Yugoslav goods to Germany was carried out. As early as March 1, 1943, the clearing saldo in favor of Serbia amounted to 219 million Reichsmarks, or 4,380,000,000 dinars. By the end of the occupation, Germany owed to Serbia, on account of this saldo in the clearing, 10 billion dinars. In fact, the situation was the same in all the other provinces of Yugoslavia, though the forms which the plundering of the country assumed may have varied in accordance with local conditions.