DR. GAWLIK : That is the charge which the Prosecution has made. I want to prive that this was done by the Gestapo alone. In this decree it is ordered thatnthese selections are to be carried out only in the Government General in the future. This is no t relevant in this connection, Your Lordship, I am only interested in Paragraph 3.
THE PRESIDENT : But it is a document of the SD, is it not? It is an administrative ruling, is it not?
DR. GAWLIK : Your Lordship, the Chief of the Security Police and the SD had 70 offices. For this reason it is important which of his offices acted. Office 4 was the secret Police, Gestapo. Office 3 was the domestic SD. Office 6 was the Foreign Service. Each of these offices had its own chief. Office 4 is another organization. Ever those offices was the Chief of the Security Police of the SD. This title does not show what the SD had to do with it. One must examine which of his offices did it, whether it was Office 4, 3 or 6. And where I have called your Lordship's attention to the file note, IV-A, that was office 4, the Secret State Police, Gestapo. This shows that Offices 3 and 6 had nothing to do with this matter, only Office 4. This is again shown by number three which refers expressly only to the state Police offices.
THE PRESIDENT : Very well, we will ajourn now.
(A recess was taken until 1400 hours.)
(The hearing reconvened at 1400 hours, August 20, 1946).
DR. GAWLIK: In answer to the last question of your Lordship, I think it would assist the Tribunal if I briefly indicated the direction of my evidence and what I propose to establish by means of that document. organizations. The Gestapo is indicted separately, the Criminal Police is not indicted and the SD is indicted as a unit of the SS. Above all of them stand the Chief of the Security Police and the SD and in that small way it can be compared with the petition of the defendant Goering, who was the Supreme Commander of the Airforces, Prussian Minister and President, Prime Minister a Hunting Master. Thus, from the addition of the Security Police and the SD you cannot draw the conclusion as to which was which and that becomes apparent from the reference and file numbers and the people who dealt with these files and I am trying to establish that by means of my document.
Russian prisoners of war. One paragraph deals with the very question which your Lordship addressed to me with reference to previous documents and I shall, therefore, read the document.
"In order to avoid any delay in the removal of newly incoming prisoners of war into the Reich, the selection of political commissars and directors by detachments of the Security Police will be carried out in the future in the General Government only. In the General Government the selection is further carried out by the Security Police. with the measure of the Security Police and not the SD.
It then goes on to say:
"In order to insure a more rapid execution, the Security Police will reinforce its detachments in the General Government."
I then pass on to document SD 21. In connection with this document, I beg to draw the Tribunal's attention to the file reference IV, that is to say we are concerned with measures of Department IV and Department IV was the Secret State Police, The Gestapo.
Had it been the SD then the file reference would have been III or VI.
THE PRESIDENT: In the document you have just been dealing with you have got 2A III E at the top, and you have III E a little bit further down.
DR. GAWLIK: Your Lordship, the higher one is the general collection of decrees of which there are several volumes which I got from the library here and it is with reference to this general collection of decrees that 2A IIIE refers to and then the file reference is IV A (1 c) 2468 A B/42 G.
THE PRESIDENT: Just by the first of April, 1942, there is III E. What does that mean -- OKW File No. 2F 24.73, prisoner of war organization E E?
DR. GAWLIK: I have not got that. Your Lordship, I have not got that here, I do not know at the moment.
THE PRESIDENT: Immediately under the words: "re: labor detachments for agricultural work."
DR. GAWLIK: May I beg to ask your Lordship, did you refer to SD 21? That is a military file reference, your Lordship. It says OKW Supreme Command of the armed forces, file reference of the armed forces chief of prisoner of war organization III E and that III E has nothing to do with Department III.
THE PRESIDENT: All right, go on.
DR. GAWLIK: I now come to document SD 22, as we are there concerned with extracts from the directives for the detachments of the chief of the Security Police to be assigned to the prisoner of war camps for enlisted men. The date is 17 July, 1941.
I beg to draw the Tribunal's attention in this connection to the fact that the chief of the Einsatzcommandos are ordered to get in touch with the chief of the nearest State Police office or the Commander of the Security Police and the SD. Security Police and SD; he too had several sub-departments. III was SD, IV was State Police, V was Criminal Police and so this type of commander does not say either with which departments we are concerned or which department worked on it.
which is contained in the following sentence.
"As a matter of principle, such communications must for information be communicated to the RSHA IV A 1." in Department IV that is the State Police, and that the Department III had nothing to do with it.
the allegation on the part of the prosecution, according to which the SD had carried out the decree "Kugel" Bullet. I refer to the trial brief against the Gestapo and SD statement of evidence 610, and I shall first of all deal with Document SD-23.
The document has already been presented by the prosecution; but it was given the number 1650-PS, being the teleprint letter from the Gestapo to the sub-department Aachen and to all leading state police departments. I quote, in order to prove that here, too, we are merely concerned with measures by the Secret State Police, the Gestapo.
"To this, I order the following: 1. The regional offices of the State Police are to take over the recaptured escaping PW officers from the Stalag Commanders and to transfer them to the Mauthausen concentration camp, according to procedure which is customary till nowunless circumstances make a special transport necessary.
"2. The OKW has been requested to instruct the PW camps that for the purpose of camouflage the recaptured persons should not be delivered directly to Mauthausen but to the competent local office of the State Police."
THE PRESIDENT: Why do you leave out the fact that those documents were addressed to Inspectors of the Sipo and the SD ?
DR. GAWLIK: Your Lordship, the case of the inspectors is the same as that of the chief of the security Police, in that it indicates the commanders The inspector was above the level of the Criminal Police, above the State Police , and above the SD. That is to say, he was exercising all three functions.
THE PRESIDENT: According to this he was an Inspector of the SD.
DR. GAWLIK: He was Inspector of the SD; but that would not allow the conclusion that he was also simultaneously inspector of the Security Police the Sipo, in the same person, that when carrying out that activity he was carrying out activities in the capacity of the inspector of the Sipo.
We are here concerned only with personal union but to counteract that prisoners of war were only to be taken there by the regional offices of the State Police that the SD Service Department had nothing to do with it. It says the regional offices of the State Police are to take over the recaptured prisoners As the inspectors of the Security Police had jurisdiction; they were above the regional Police Department and had control of these meausres of the State Police in his capacity of the Security Police. Also simultaneously he was inspector of the SD; but that does not mean that these things were to be carried out by the sub-departments of the SD.
I come to Document SD-24. It has already been presented under PS-1165and in this connection I beg to draw the attention of the Tribunal to the fact that this is signed by Mueller, who, as is known to the Tribunal, was the chief of Department IV. This again shows the sale responsibility of the Gestapo. lice of the SD, dated the 20th of October, 1942, which deals with the treatment of escaped Soviet Russian prisoners of war, and again I beg to draw the attention of the Tribunal to the file reference, which is IV.
I will now quote: "I request that the regional main offices of the State Police instruct all the police offices of the area, even if it has already been done, according to Article 3 of the decree of the High Command of the Armed Forces of the 5th of May, 1942. to the tasks of the SD Department then the SD Service Department would also have had to be formed.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Gawlik, I don't think it is doing any good at all to argue each document ever. You must make your final speech at some time; and unless there is anything really very important in a particular document which you want to draw our attention to so that we can really consider it before you make your final speech, you had much better leave the argument upon the documents until you get to your final speech. This is simply wasting your time without having any useful purpose at all.
DR. GAWLIK: Your Lordship, I only did --
THE PRESIDENT: Well, up to the present you have commented upon each document as far as I can see, SD-22, SD-23, SD-24, SD-25, each one of them; and you are going through the book like that. Why don't you offer them all in evidence in bulk; and then if you want to draw your attention to any particular docment for some particular purpose as I say, because you think it is important and we should consider it before you came to make your final speech, do so. But don't spend time in just explaining what each document is, We have to hear all the other organizations before we came to hear your speech.
DR. GAWLIK: Your Lordship, I only did it because I gathered from the question your Lordship put to me that there was some lack of clarity with reference to this point, namely, the position of the Chief of the Security Police of the SD and the commander and the inspectors.
THE PRESIDENT: I only put a question to you because you were going through each document in turn and I couldn't understand what the documents were about.
DR. GAWLIK: Documents 27 and 28 also deal with the allegation on the part of the prosecution regarding the decree "Kugel" Bullet. May I perhaps wuote from Document No. 28. "In as far as Soviet Russian prisoners of war are returned prisoners of war captured and brought back to the camp according to this order, they are in every case to be surrendered to the nearest office of the Gestapo." against the SD by the Prosecution, according to which they are to be held responsible for the institution and designation of concentration camps and for the transfer of political and racial undesirable persons into concentration and extermination camps for the purpose of forced labor and mass extermination. That is page 43 of the British trial brief. These documents show that the SD did not in any way participate in these measures; and, if I may, I should like to read one sentence of Document SD-29. "In the future, restrictions of personal liberty in accordance with Article 1, of the Decree for the protection of People and State of 28 February, 1933, may be ordered only by the Secret State Police Office with effect for the entire state,territory and by the governors of provinces and presidents of government districts, by the police president in Berlin and by the state police (Gestapo) branch offices for the local sphere of their authority."
From Document SD-31 I quote: "Protective custody can be used as a measure of the Secret State Police in order to combat any activities hostile to the state and the people. Only the Secret State Police is entitled to the decree of protective custody."
which the SD had also administered concentration camps. I shall, therefore, quote one sentence from the document.
"The camp commandant of concentration camps is in charge of any economic plan of the SS within its sphere of organization."
THE PRESIDENT: I can't see any point in drawing our attention to that document at the present time.
DR. GAWLIK: In the trial brief the accusation has been raised against the SD that they also had administered concentration camps.
THE PRESIDENT: But this document doesn't show that they did not.
DR. GAWLIK: Document SD-37 is a decree from the Chief Economic Department of the Administrative Main Office. That was a completely different department, which had nothing to do with the RSHA.
THE PRESIDENT: It seems to me to be quite vague as to who the camp commandants of concentration comps are. As I say, it doesn't seem to me to be a document which it is necessary to refer to at this stage.
DR. GAWLIK: I then refer to document number SD-39. There it says: "The transfer of the Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps into the Economic Administration Main Office has been carried out with the full agreement of all main offices concerned. " were under the jurisdiction of the Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps, and that they were then transferred to the SS Economic Administration Main Office. However, that was part of the RSHA. Inspectorate of Concentration Camps also becomes apparent from the previous document, SD-38. stated:
THE PRESIDENT: (Interposing): You are not taking the slightest notice of what I said to you. You are going through every document, or practically every document -- not every document.
You began this by saying that 29 to 42 dealt with concentration camps. Then you went to 37; then you went to 38; then you went to 39. They really don't help the Tribunal at all. You have told us that 29 to 42 referred to transfer to concentration camps. Well, that is quite enough. Unless there is a document which is really important, which we should study before we hear you make your speech, the summary that 29 to 42 deal with transfer to concentration camps is quite enough.
DR. GAWLIK: I had thought that I would be assisting the Tribunal by drawing their attention to the fact that concentration camps came under the SS Economic Chief Administrative Department and not the RSHA. Only for that reason did I discuss these further documents. pated in the deportation of citizens of the Eastern Territories for the purpose of forced labor, and that they and the task of supervising this forced labor.
I quote from these documents only the following. From document 43, under figure "2":
"The tasks arising from the employment of Soviet Russians are to be coordinated with the Section and the State Police, if proper, from the Regional Office,and are to be handled by a criminal police officer under his direct Chief of the State Police Regional Office."
I now quote from Appendix 1 to Document 43 one sentence: "The recruiting of labor from the former Soviet Russian territory is carried out by recruitment commissions from the Reich Ministry of Labor. The recruiting commissions of the Reich Labor Minister will create reception camps."
Document SD-50 deals with the Commando Order. I beg to draw the Tribunal's attention to the words "are to be handed over to the Security Police." part of the prosecution that the SD had the task of protecting civilians who had lynched fliers belonging to the Allied Nations.
the carrying o ut of the Nacht and Nebel decree. part of the prosecution that the SD, in summary proceedings, had arrested citizens of occupied territories and took them before tribunals and courts and punished them. also L-316, and from that I shall quote one sentence: "Foreign nationals are in the future to be turned over to the police."
I quote one regulation, one sentence, from document SD-56: "Penal actions of Jews are punished by the police." of the prosecution according to which the SD had cooperated in the confiscation by force of private property.
From document SD-58 I shall quote one sentence:
"The confiscation will be declared my the main office of the State Police in favor of the Reich of Greater Germany."
In this connection I beg to draw the Tribunal's attention to Roman Numeral IV which deals with the jurisdiction of Department IV, Secret State Police. In document SD-60 are the existing regulations applicable to the Security Police. The documents 60-a up to SD-64 deal with the illegality in reference to the SD according to which crimes against humanity are to be submitted. SD-60-a up to 63 deal with the persecution of Jews. Document 62 -- In connection with this document I beg to draw the attention of the Tribunal to Roman Numeral IV-B, and also the signature "Mueller". Document SD-64 refers to the reports against the SD in reference to the persecution of the churches. regulations on the strength of which during the war a large portion of members of the SD Department III and VI were called up. From document SD-65 I should like to draw the attention of the Tribunal to the following sentence.
"As consumers", and I shall omit a few words, ". . . the SD sectors are, during war-time, based on the requirements of the popular demands in reference to the trials of prisoners." agree with the Prosecution. I should like-the Tribunal to make a decision, therefore, regarding the question as to whether or not I am allowed to introduce this document.
THE PRESIDENT: I have only got one document book.
DR. GAWLIK: It is in the appendix, your Lordship. Your Lordship, may I send up the original?
THE PRESIDENT: Yes. Will you tell the Tribunal what it is about?
DR. GAWLIK: With this document I am first going to try and prove that the SD did not belong to the Police and did not belong to the SS. I shall furthermore establish, by means of this document, that in the Reich the SD and the Security Police were separate organizations and I want to prove the different tasks of Department III. I beg to draw the Tribunal's attention to the fact that in Section IV the SD is called the German Intelligence Service.
THE PRESIDENT: This is a book produced by the Allied Commission, isn't it? Supreme Headquarters, Allied Commission, and you are offering that, is that it?
DR. GAWLIK: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Has there been any formal application for this document?
DR. GAWLIK: Oh yes. In my appendix to the document book. There the document is included. But I have not reached an agreement regardingthat book with the Prosecution.
THE PRESIDENT: We will hear the Prosecution about it.
LT. COMMANDER HARRIS: May It please the Tribunal, we have no strong objection to this document. It is simply one of several which we discussed and we did not agree upon it. Our objection is primarily to its value insofar as intelligence is concerned. It is an intelligence book and therefore what is had in that book is of a purely intelligence nature. It is dated April, 1945. That is the date of its publication and quite obviously, as of that date, the information could not be available as is now available to the Tribunal in a competent form.
DR. GAWLIK: Your Lordship, may I . . .
THE PRESIDENT: You may admit the book for what it is worth.
DR. GAWLIK: Well, then, first of all I beg to draw the Tribunal's attention to the fact that in this book the position of the State and the Party is sub-divided into, four parts and the intelligence service is given a section of its own -- Roman Number IV. Roman Number I is the Police; Roman Number II is Military Units; Roman Number III, German Police, and Roman Number IV, is the German Intelligence Service: The organization that is of Department III and VI. the case of the SS, it states that the SS consists firstly of the Waffen SS and then of the General SS, and the SD is not listed there. And I further beg to draw the Tribunal's attention to the fact that the intelligence service mentioned under Roman numeral IV is sub-divided into too SD in the Reich; under Roman numeral II the organization of the Security Police, and the SD outside of the Reich, and thirdly, into Department VI.
to the following statements regarding the activities of Department III. There it says: "The information supplied by intelligence agents are digested into reports. These reports are extraordinarily frank." I translated that myself. "They contained a complete and undisturbed picture of the attitude and frame of mind in Germany."
I now pass on to my last document. That's a letter from a clergyman Wohlfass, and I submit it because I just received it lately and I have not had time to have it translated. The letter refers to a document where the SD is supposed to have supervised the illegal. . . and in that document there is an assertion that the population had voted "no" and had submitted the vote as "no" to the letter. And then follows the statement that no measures were taken against the father who has since died. This completes my summarization of documents. to submit that in writing where the documents can be found, that is, on what pages?
THE PRESIDENT: I think we have got that. Haven't we got it at the beginning of your document book? We have an index.
DR. GAWLIK: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Are you going to make a separate document of it?
DR. GAWLIK: Yes, I wanted to say here that I have the original documents. I only have some of the original documents, some of them are documents of the Prosecution, of course.
THE PRESIDENT: If you think it would serve a useful purpose, by all means submit your index under a Separate number and deposit it with the Tribunal.
DR. GAWLIK: Very well.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Kubuschok, when you were dealing with the witnesses were we dealing with the Reich cabinet next? Are you prepared to go on with your documents?
THE PRESIDENT: Yes, Dr. Kubuschok.
DR. KUBUSCHOK: Altogether I have four affidavits. They have been submitted to the Commission. They are being translated, and the translations are not yet ready. I shall submit them at a later stage, and I shall confine myself today to submitting a few very important passages from those affidavits which I shall read into the record.
The first affidavit is No. 1. That is from the Secretary of State and later Minister Dr. Otto Meissner. I shall read the following passages from this affidavit. with the first period after Hitler had formed the government; and he states in this connection:
"The Reich Government worked according to previous custom; that is to say, draft laws were decided upon at meetings of the cabinet, during which procedure objections could be raise. The superior and uncontested leadership of that government was Hitler, right from the beginning, who, in this connection, was basing his actions, formally speaking, on the existing legislation, according to which the direction of the police of the Reich was to be decided upon by the Chancellor. These directions were no different from these which he stated publicly, repeatedly during speeches which he had made." such as the annexation of Austria, the march into the Sudetenland, the signing of the pact with Italy, the march into Bohemia and Moravia, and the attack against Poland and the neutral countries, all took place without previous resolutions' being passed by the cabinet, and even without previous information's being passed, to the members of the government unless they had been personally informed by Hitler. the radio and the press. The members of the Reich government were thus removed from any political activity, against their will and without any guilt on their part, and they were limited to the managing of their department. They were merely loading civil servants in their department.
Any possible intention on Hitler's part to begin a war was therefore not recognizable by these ministers, no more than were intentions regarding the use of his power for actions in violation of existing international law. end of the Roehm Putsch. Finally, the affidavit goes on to state as foll ows, "that members of the Reich government, in spite of the increasing brutality of the course pursued, remained in their offices, according to my own observation, and apart from the fact that principally the Fuehrer would not accept resignations and particularly in war time, considered the reduction of the armed strength entirely due to the fact that at least middle class ministers were under the impression that by their resignation their departments would be all the more headed by untrained officials. In that manner they would not only have damaged the legitimate interests of their departments, but they would have surrendered themselves totally to attack."
Affidavit No. 2 originates from the former Reich Minister Darre; and I quote:
"Foreign political questions of principal importance were, according to my memory, not discussed in the cabinet. In no case were there during cabinet meetings any utterances of even hints from which an agressive war could be inferred."
A further part of the affidavit states:
"I emphasize that no agressive plans against Poland were known to me, and that as far as that is concerned no tasks were given to me in my capacity as Minister of Agriculture".
"During a discussion with Hitler about this subject -- and that was before the actual creation of the law -- there had been arguments about this law, which was to be introduced into the occupied territories. There was a very serious clash, in the course of which I resigned. Hitler thereupon replied that I was subject to the laws of war, and that I would have to leave my position as and when he, Hitler, thought the right moment had come, and not when I thought it best to do so."
the last part of the affidavit. Hitler had given orders to Darre. I quote:
"For the outside world I was to report sick, and it was desired that the public impression should be that it was for reasons of health that I should temporarily leave my office. I refused, however, to report sick, and I was told to leave Berlin. After that I lived in a lonely blockhouse in the Schorst Heide, out of the world. Formally speaking I remained a minister unto the collapse of the German Reich, although I asked Lammers repeatedly to remove my name from the budget, and Lammers had actually reported to Hitler about this point." Schwerin Krosigk. Schwerin Krosigk describes in one part of the affidavit a meeting with the former Reich Chancellor Bruening in 1932. I quote:
"I waspartly in agreement with Bruening, who, a few weeks before his resignation, had told me at Baden Weile, while we were both taking a vacation, that the time had now come to give responsible positions to the National Socialists. In the long run one could not resign by means of the emergency laws published by the Reich President, and the strongest party could not permanently be left in the position of the opposition. Unbounded agitation on the part of National Socialists could only be effectively deleted by means of giving them full responsibility." was on the 30th of January, 1933, when he saw Hitler for the first time in his life. I quote:
"My joining Hitler's cabinet was due to the reason that I, together with all the other bourgeois ministers, wanted to form a counter-balance to the totalitarian claims for power put up by the party." this at great length; but I shall quote only one sentence:
"In addition, the course that was followed at that time appeared a moderate one. That objection raised on the part of the bourgeois ministers did, in fact, lead to alleviation of certain hardships, even to the cancellation of certain legal rulings which had been proposed." of the Reich President, the affidavit states among other things:
"Hitler's demand to hand both offices over for his own purposes and thus completing the last step in a totalitarian reign could not be opposed by the bourgeois ministers, because it was perfectly clear even at that time that such a powerful position of Hitler corresponded completely to the will of the German people." question -- and I should like to remark in this connection that Hitler himself, with reference to his demand for holding both these positions, made this demand acceptable to the cabinet by stating that he did not consider that to be the final solution, but that he took no responsibilityfor a later mergerof these two offices -- summarily that the Reich Government as such had no political tasks as far as giving orders or leadership tasks were concerned, because persons as such were acting who were personally and specially chosen.
At the end of the affidavit Schwerin Krosigk states:
"Upon retrospective reflection I must maintain that Hitler deceived his ministers no less than he deceived the German people, and that over and above that he deceived the world. The statements he made to us, the Ministers, regarding his intentions were principally speaking no different from those he made publicly. That his will was in reality different could not be expected, considering the convincing power of his words. This applies in particular to his repeatedly emphasized will for peace. If I am told today that as early as November, 1937, Hitler was thinking of war as a means of achieving his foreign political aims, then this is diametrically opposed to what he told me at the beginning of 1939, or had had expressly communicated to me through Secretary of state Reinhardt, namely that I need hot worry about armament expenses since now we had before us a long period of peace, and through it, a reduction of those very expenses.
Finally, with Affidavit No.4, I propose to submit an affidavit from the former ministerial director,in the Ministry of Food, his name being Rudolf Harmeninck.
Harmeninck describes a task given by Hitler to Secretary of State Backe, which deals with,preparations for war for the Russian campaign. There are explicit instructions in this from Hitler according to which the minister himself, Darre, is to be kept in the dark regarding thos preparations. And concerning that, I quote:
"A fewmonths before the outbreak of war with Russia, measures were introduced in the Reich Ministry of Food, which, for instance, entailed the getting ready of agricultural machinery and agricultural workers for a special task, as became apparent after the beginning of the Russian campaign, namely the use in Russia. The order for this purpose had been given to the Secretary of State Backe directly, and by leaving out the Minister Darre. In fact, they had to be kept secret from the minister according to instructions attached."
Those, Mr. President, are the affidavits which I am going to submit. Then I have a document book with altogether 68 documents, which I have submitted to the Tribunal.
I refer to this document book as follows: In the main, the documents contained therein are the official reasons and official points of view with reference to the draft laws of that particular period. Those laws were attached to the draft laws and circulated amongst the various ministers. Whatever is contained in these arguments is therefore the reasons the individual ministers were given with reference to the admittedly proposed law. Perusal of these arguments will show with which pertinent reasons these laws were justified. The remaining documents which I have submitted, are the following: I should like to draw your attention particularly to No. 3, the Manifesto by the Reich Government to the German people, f of 1933, containing the directives for the policy of the cabinet.
Document No. 9 contains official information from the leaders of the parties which were dissolving themselves in the year of 1933. The individual party leaders in this document confess their belief in the new course of the government and they are calling upon their followers to follow this government and support it.
Finally, I refer you to document No. 63 which is an article by Reich Minister von Blomberg, Reichsminister for War, on the subject of Germany's compulsory military service. As far as the remaining questions are concerned and particularly the work in the organization, witnesses Lammers, Weizsaecker, Goering and von Neurath had been heard at considerable length. I got the Tribunal to consider that testimony when considering the case of the Reich Government; and with that, Mr. President, I have come to the end.
THE PRESIDENT: We will adjourn.
(A recess was taken.)
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Pelckmann.
DR. PELCKMANN: Your Lordship, the Tribunal? I refer first to the transcript on the examination of witnesses before the Commission, which the Tribunal no doubt has. There were twenty-nine witnesses. Then I begin with the presentation of documents. I have divided the documents into various groups so that I hope I can finish the presentation very quickly. First, the documents Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 84. The first three documents deal with the so-called "ideals" of the SS; something is said of the community of morals and so forth; and proof is given that this was too basis of the training.