which will lead to their annihilation." policy to exterminate the Jews? In 1941 one of his subordinates, Heydrich, was writing to another - the Minister of Justice:
"It may safely be as aimed that in the future there territories."
for the deportations of thousands of Jews from his territory to the gas chambers of Auschwitz, only a few miles across the frontier?
Of Streicher one need say nothing. Here is a man more responsible, perhaps, than any, for the most frightful crime the world has ever known. For 25 years the extermination of the Jews had been his terrible ambition. For 25 years he had educated the German people in the philosophy of hate, of brutality, of murder. He hadincited and prepared them to support the Nazi policy, to accept and participate in the brutal persecution and slaugh of millions of his fellow men. Without him these things could, not have been. It is long since he forfeited, all right to live. economics ought not blind the Tribunal to their important part in the general plan. Schacht says that he had clean hands in this matter. It is for you to say. Schacht played his part in bringing Hitler to power. He says he thought that Hitler was "a manwith whom one could co-operate", and assured Hitler that he could always count on him "as your reliable assistant" He helped to consolidate the Nazi position and he was the main figure in collecting election funds from the industrialists.
It then became his task to provide the economic plan and machinery necessary to launch and maintain aggression. He knew the policy about the Jews, he knew the methods Hitler was using to build up his power, he knew the ultimate aim was aggression. But he continued to play his part. Messersmith has summed up his work:
"Yet by Schacht's resourcefulness, his complete financial maintain and to establish the situation for the Nazis.
Un war."
The fact that that was in Schacht's mind was shown at a very early date most clearly in a secret report issued by his ministry of Economics on 30th September 1934. I have already referred to his Deputy's report showing the amazing detail in which plans and preparations for the management of German economy in time of war had been worked out before Schacht resigned in 1937.
It is not surprising that on Schacht's 60th birthday the then German Minister of War, von Blomberg, said to him:
"Without your help, my dear Schacht, none of this armament could have taken place."
and the first half of 1935 he found he was "wrong in thinking" that Hitler would bring the "revolutionary forces" of Nazism into the regular atmosphere and he discovered that Hitler did nothing to stop the excesses of individual Party Members or Party Groups. He was pursuing a "policy of terror".
That accords very closely with Schacht's statement to the American Ambassador in September 1934:
".....the Hitler Party is absolutely committed to war and the people too are ready and willing.
Only a few Government officials are aware of the danger and are opposed."
Schacht's further suggestions that his purpose in the Government was to be critical and was to act as a brake are as we submit, impossible to reconcile with his own actions. He need not have become Minister of Economics according to his own account, but he did soy nonetheless. In May 1935, the month in which he undertook his task as General Plenipotentiary for War Economy, "to put all economic forces in the service of carrying on the war and to secure the life of the German people economically", he wrote to Hitler:
"All expenditures which are not urgently needed in other to arm."
of financing armaments had meant "the commitment of the last reserve from the beginning". He said he would continue to work since he stood "with unswerving loyalty to the Fuehrer because he fully recognises the basic idea of National Socialism". appealed to all his colleagues:
"further to devote with all their hearts their entire strength to the Fuehrer and the Reich.
The German future lies in the hands of our Fuehrer."
The mercy killings; the persecution of the Jews. These things must have been known at that time. Were his hands so clean? Dodd, whom Schacht counted among his friends, recalling in his diary on 21.12.3 "Much as he dislikes Hitler's dictatorship he (Schacht) as most with war if the United States will keep hands off."
that Hitler's aim was war very much earlier than he himself admits. He does admit, however, that he knew that the plot to discredit General von Fritsch meant war. Despite that knowledge, on 9.3.38, he accepted the appointment as Reichsbank President for an additional four years. He joyously took part in the acquisition of the former Austrian National Bank on 21.3.38 and on 7.6.39 wrote to Hitler:
"From the beginning the Reichsbank has been aware of the fact the reconstruction of the German Armed Forces.
It therefore currency.
The justification thereof was the necessity - which policy possible."
Schacht's knowledge that, if the proposed victims resisted, Hitler was prepared and would be able to plunge into war conditions to achieve his aims.
Schacht intellect and international position only increased the cynical immorality of his crimes.
Moreover Schacht must fact these facts. The Tribunal has seen the evidence of the film which showed his sycophantic trotting beside Hitler and smarming over him in 1940. Long before 1943 he must have known of the treatment of the Jews and the reign of terror in occupied countries. Yet until 1943 Schacht remained a Minister without Portfolio and at all events lent his name and weight to this regime of horror. Should anyone be left to boast that he did this with impunity?
Funk carried on Schacht's work. He had already rendered invaluable service to the conspirators by his organization of the Ministry of Propaganda. From 1938 on he was Minister of Economics, President of the Reichsbank and Chief Plenipotentiary for Economics, mobilising economy for aggressive war well knowing the Nazi plans for aggression. We find him in every field; attending Goering's conference on 12 November 1938, the meeting of the Reich Defense Council in June 1939, advising on decrees to be issued against the Jews at the former and the employment of concentration camp and slave labor at the latter. The final proof of the welcome with which he viewed aggression is found in his letter to Hitler on the 25th August 1939, the day before the invasion of Poland had been said to begin; he said:
"How happy and how grateful we must be to you to be favored any serious reverberations."
minutes of the Central Planning Board and to his arrangement with Himmler for the exploitation of the S.S. loot which, as he knew, came in truckloads from Auschwitz and the other concentration camps to the vaults of the Reichsbank.
The Tribunal will also remember the document which shows that his Ministry of Economics received enormous quantities of civilian clothing from those unhappy victims. speech on the "spreading poison of Jewry"? Doenitz, who thought fit to circulate to the Naval War Staff Hitler's directive for dealing with the general strike at Copenhagen -- "terror should be met by terror" - and asked for 12,000 concentration camp workers for the shipyards, recommending collective reprisals for Scandinavian workers in view of the efficacy of similar methods in France.
Are Raeder's hands unstained with the blood of murder? As early as 1933, to use his own words:
"Hitler had made a clear political request to build up by the 1st instrument of political power."
from Hitler's foreign policy, he know very well that war was a certain risk if that policy went awry. Again and again he had this warning, first when Germany left the Disarmament Conference, again at the time of the negotiations for the Naval Agreement in 1935, at the time of the Rhineland and later when he attended the famous Hosbach conference. He has tried to persuade this Tribunal that he regarded Hitler's speeches at these meetings as mere talk, yet we know that they gave Nourath a heart attack. His old Service comrades, von Blomberg and von Fritsch, who were unwise enough to object at the Conference which scaled the fate of Austria and Czechoslovakia, were dealt with in a manner which, in his own words, shook his confidence not only in Goering but in Hitler as well. in the Baltic? You will remember the evidence that many were killed in the naval port and the facts reported by his naval officers at the Local Headquarters to Kiel. We now know from the report of the Commando which dealt with the Jews of Libau that at the end of January 1942 they had accounted for 11,860 in that district alone. Raeder who, on Heroes Day, 1939, spoke of the clear and inspiring summons to fight international Jewry. Do you r eally believe, when he was always helping individual Jews, he had never heard of the horrors of concentration camps or the murder of millions? Yet he still went on.
Von Schirach. What need one say of him? That it were better that a millstone had been placed round his neck.....? It was this wretched man who perverted millions of innocent German children so that they might grow up and become what they did become -- the blind instruments of that policy of murder and domination which these men carried out.
The infamous "Heu Aktion" by which between forty and fifty thousand Soviet children were kidnapped into slavery was a product of his work. You will remember the weekly S.S. reports on the extermination of the Jews found in his office. Buchenwald? Sauckel may now seek to put a gloss on his order to shanghai Frenchmen, to deny that he advocated the hanging of a Prefect or a mayor to crush opposition, to say that references to ruthless action referred to interdepartmental disputes and that reformatory labor camps were purely educational institutions. You who have seen the documents which attest the horrors perpetrated in what we are now told was the produce of an emergency -the urgent need for workers to feed the Nazi machine, you who have heard and read of the conditions in which 7 million men, women and children torn from their homes were dragged into slavery at his orders can need no further proof of guilt. are in like case with Raeder. Like him they professed old family and professional integrity, factors which carry with them a great responsibility from which men like Ribbontrop and Kaltenbrunner are free.
Within 18 months of putting Hitler in power Papen knew that Hitler's Government meant oppression of opponents, ill-treatment of the Jews and persecution of the Churches including his own. His recent political friends had been sent to concentration camps or killed, including men like von Schleicher and von Bredow. He has himself been arrested, two members of his staff killed and another compelledto witness killing. None of these things were hidden from von Neurath, yet he remained in office. afterwards we find him in Austria working for a man he knows to be a murderer undermining a regime for which he professed outward friendship. Even after the Anschluss he was still working for a regime which he know used murder as an insturment of policy and after losing yet another secretary by murder he was ready to accept a post in Turkey. The Concordat with his own Church which he had himself negotiated is treated as "a scrap of paper" to use his own words, and Catholics from Archbishops to simple believers were outraged. He has said "Hitler was the greatest crook that ever lived". The case for the Prosecution in a sentence is that, knowing this only too well, von Papen save Hitler his support and co-operation because his greed for power and office made it "better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven If he preferred to attain the objects of the conspiracy by the methods of assasination, bullying and blackmail rather than open war, the reason may be that provided by him in his own evidence, namely that he feared that : "If a World war were to break out, Germany's situation would be hopeless".As to Seyss-Inquart, you will remember Goering's instructions to him on the 26th March, 1938, to institute anti-semitic measures in Austria, fell wed by the Progress Report on 12th November by one of his officials.
As far as concerns the Jews in the Netherlands, he admits that he knewthey were being deported but says he was powerless to stop it as it was ordered from Berlin. He has further said that he knew they went to Auschwitz but he says he was sent there to enquire about them, was told they were well off and arranged for them to send mail from Auschwitz to Holland.
It is likely that Seyss-Inquart who admits knowledge of large-scale crimes against the Jews in the Netherlands, for example "a drive to force the Jews to be sterilised", who admits that many and grave excesses occurred in the Netherlands concentration camps and indeed that in wartime he "considered that almost inevitable", "it was perhaps not quite so bad in the Netherlands", people in Auschwitz were "comparatively well off" ? in this trial as experts.
Speer has admitted that his responsibility for conscription of labour helped to bring up the total number of workers under him to 14,000,000. He stated that when he took over office in February 1942 all the perpetrations or violations of International Law of which he could be accused had already been realised. Nevertheless he went on to say "the workers were brought into Germany against their will.
I had no objection to their being brought to Germany against their will. On the contrary during the first period until autumn of 1942 I certainly used my energ that as many workers as possible should be brought to Germany in this manner Further, workers were placed at this disposal by Sauckel and he was responsi for their allocation priorities. 1942. On 14-1-1414 he demanded 1,300,000 workers for the coming year. Speer produced no defence of this conscription of labour but he die assert that from 1943 he had supported the retention of French workers in France, which is a mere matter of mitigation. The moderation of Speer's manner ought not hide the fact that this policy, which he cheerfully adopted and applied was one that meant the most appalling misery and suffering for millions of Soviet and other familes.
It displays once again the complete disregard of the fate of other people which runs like a sordid thread through the evidence in this trial, and no moral avakening regarding the interest of the German people (I repeat "the German People") at the end of the war, can offset the participation in this horrible action.
with regard to the treatment of foreign workers Speer's general point was that the evidence for the Prosecution is simply that of individual bad instances and should not be taken as the general condition. If it were the general condition he would accept responsibility. The Prosecution submit that their evidence, viewed as a whole, is conclusive evidence of general bad conditions.
Neurath who has told the Tribunal that he joined Hitler's Government to keep it peace-lovin and respectable, know within a few weeks that the Jews were being persecuted, that reputable foreign papers and reputable German papers too for that matter were quoting official figures of ten to twenty thousand internees. He knew that the opposition, the Communists, the TradeUnionists and Social Democrats were being destroyed as political forces, The Blood Purge followed yet he went on and seconded Hitler in his breaches of the Treaty of Versailles. We have the evidence of Paul Schmidt that the murder of Dollfuss and the attempted Putsch in Austria seriously disturbed the career personnel of the Foreign Office whilst they regarded the Mutual Assistance Pact between France and the Soviet Union as a further very serious warning as to the potential consequences of German foreign policy.
"At this time the career officials at least expressed their reservation to the Foreign Minister Neurath. I do not know whether or not Neurath in term related these expressions of concern to Hitler." Yet when Raeder was issuing order about the danger of showing "enthusiasm for war", von Neurath would have you believe that he had failed to realise its growth. He, as much as Raeder, saw and took part in the events which followed, the secret meetings, the treatment of von Blomberg and von Fritsch, he it was at the time of the Anschluss who, though no longer Foreign Minister gave the support of a name, not yet notably tarnished, to Hitler's action by transmitting untruths in denial of the British Note and by reassuring the Czechs.
That reassurance ought never be forgotten -there can be few things more grimly cynical than von Neurath who had listened to the Hosbach speech solemnly telling M. Mastny that Hitler would stand by the Arbitration Treaty with Czechoslovakia. As soon as Hitler had marched into Prague, he it was who became protector of Bohemia and Moravia. You have heard his admission that he applied all decrees for the treatment of the Jews which had appeared in Germany between 1933 and 1939.
Fritzsche's work was to organise the entire German Press so that it be came " a permanent instrument of the Propaganda Ministry". Propaganda was most potent factor in all Nazi strategy. Here in turn that factor made all the press its most potent weapon. The fact that he knew and participation in the use of his organisation is shown by his attempt to whitewash the successive propaganda actions which led up to each of the various aggression mentioned in his affidavit. As he said:
"All news checked by me was full of tendency while not invented". It is incredible that when he was called upon time after time to conduct what was specifically referred to as actions and when each time he saw the practical results he did not realise the dishonesty with which the German policy was being conducted or that the aim of the Nazi Government was aggressive war.
His personal ability as a broadcaster caused him to become virtually an official commentator. To quote his own words:
"May I add that it is know to me that in the far corners of German comments."
He has emphasized that in these comments he had a free hand. Is it to be doubted that this was because he was prepared to broadcast whatever lie Goebbels wanted? He himself says, in dealing with the uses to which his influence was put:
"Again and again I was requested to awaken hatred against individuals and against systems."
You have seen a sample in his broadcast on the Athenia. As early as 1940 he broke far enough away from the restraint which he tried to picture in the witness box to call the Poles "under people" and "beasts in human form." the following words:
"The fate of Jewry in Europe was turned out to be as unpleasant as the Fuehrer predicted it would be in the event of a European war.
After which the nations of the Old World did not absolve them."
whole miasma of Nazi lies against the Jews, than that of instigating the war which brought such misery to humanity, yet this educated and thoughtful defendant deliberately made it. Hitler's aggression than his speech on 9th October 1941 which contained the words:
"... and we are particularly grateful for these lightning victories 27 July M LJG 13-1 to 300 soldiers at the cemetery.
.... At 9:30 hours the bus arrived loaded with women and children.
I stood bus to the grave.
I then saw a few seconds later how handed down to her by the SS men.
We then turned round shooting of these children.
Immediately after that I heard the shots.
.. Shortly after that another bus arrived, loaded with Poles.
An SS man shouted to the soldiers who stood around "Now you can all come in and watch."
shot previously. They were ordered to lie down and then heads from a very short distance.
Flesh, brains and sand of the soldiers who were watching.
About eighty soldiers stood too close to the edge of the grave.
These happenings windows of their houses opposite the Jewish cemetery."
leading officers of State did not know about these matters were not responsible. It is for you to decide. day fate would strike them...
"would strike them because they betrayed themselves and did not want to be what they are.
It is sad that they do 27 July M LJG 13-2 and brutality."
With what a voice of prophecy he spoke - for these are the mad scoundrels who did these very things.
Some it may be are more guilty than others; some played a more direct and active part than others in these frightful crimes. But when these crimes are such as you have to deal with here - slavery, mass murder and world war, when the consequences of the crimes are the deaths of over 20,000,000 of our follow men, the devastation of a continent, the spread of untold tragedy and suffering throughout the world, what mitigation is it that some took less part than others, that some were principals and others more accessories. What matters it if some forfeited their lives only a thousand times whilst others deserved a million deaths?
In one way the fate of these men means little: their personal power for evil lies for over broken; they have convicted and discredited each other and finally destroyed the legend they created round the figure of their leader. But on their fate great issues must still depend, for the ways of truth and rightcousness between the Nations of the world, the hope of future international cooperation in the administration of law and justice are in your hands. This trial must form a milestone in the history of civilization, not only bringing retribution to these guilty men, not only marking that right shall in the end triumph over evil, but also that the ordinary people of the world (and I make no distinction now between friend or fee) are now determined that the individual must transcend the State. The State and the law are made for man, that through them he may achieve a fuller life, a higher purpose and a greater dignity. States may be great and powerful. Ultimately the rights of men, made as all men are made in the image of God, are fundamental. When the State, either because as here its leaders have lusted for power and place, or under some specious 27 July M LJG 13-3 pretext that the end may justify the means, affronts these things, they may for a time became obscured and submerged.
But they are immanent and ultimately they will assort themselves more strongly still, their immanence more manifest. And so, after this ordeal to which mankind has been submitted, mankind itself - struggling now to reestablish in all the countries of the world the common simple things - liberty, love, understanding - comes to this Court and cries " These are our laws - let them prevail." fact, not only, as we must hope, of the German people but of the whole community of man:
"-thus ought the German people to behave.... giving and they to be; that is their destiny.
story of Gruber, but not in vengeance -- in a determination that these things shall not occur again.
"The father" -- do you remember? -- pointed to the sky, "and seemed to say something to his boy".
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal will adjourn.
(The Tribunal adjoined until Monday 29 July 1946, at 1000 Hours.)
29 July M LJG 1-1
THE PRESIDENT: I call on the Chief Prosecuter of the Previsional Government of the Republic of France, M. Champetier de Ribes.
M. CHAMPETIER DE RIBES: Mr. President, Gentlemen: Before presenting the final speech of the French Public Prosecutor, I must ask the Tribunal's permission to express the admiration and thanks of my country for the objectivity and the serenity with which these trials have been conducted. have been evoked at this bar. Germany's archives, these the Nazis were unable to burn before their defeat, have yielded us their secrets. be have heard numerous witnesses, whose recollections would have been lost to history but for the present trial. objectivity, leaving no room for passion nor even for sensibility. its opinion, seemed insufficiently demonstrated, anything that might have appeared dictated by a spirit of vengeance. that of Historical truth. Thanks to them, the historian of the future, as well as the chronicler of today, will knew, the truth about the political, diplomatic and military events of the most tragic period of our history; he will know the crimes of Nazism as well as the hesitancies, the weaknesses, the omissions of the pacific democracies. He will know that the result of twenty centuries of civilization, which believed itself to be eternal, nearly collapsed before the renewed onslaught of a new form of the ancient barbarism, all the more savage for being more scientific.
means of propaganda, that the devilish processes of a police defying the most elementary rules of humanity, have enabled a small minority of criminals to distort within a few years the collective conscience of a great people, and to transform the nation of Geethe, of Kant, of Sebastian Bach, into that of Hitler, of Himmler and\ of Goebbels, to mention only the dead. ceived the most gigantic plan of world demination and to have wished to realize it by all and every means. By every means, that is to say without a doubt by the breaking of the given word and by the unleashing of the very worst hind of war of aggression, but particularly by the methodical, scientific extermination of millions of human beings and specifically of certain national or religious groups, the existence of which hampered the hegemony of the Germanic race. the birth of Hitlerism, that the neologism of "genecido" had to be created to define it, that it required an accumulation of documents and testimonies to make it believable. was possible, the perfect collaboration of the four Public Prosecutors has permitted the proof to be given, and, within the limits of the counts of the indictment she reserved for herself, France believes she has done her part in the common task much before the Tribunal regarding the protection which the innocent civilian population is entitled to, as of an obvious principle, it has been established by us that the defendants have deliberately violated this principle by treating these civilian populations with utter disregard for human life. Is it necessary to evoke the terrible sentence pronounced by the defendant Keitel "human life is worth less than nothing in the occupied territories."
29 July M LJG 1-3 practices of warfare, the defendants reinstated the system of hostages. They put their signatures to general orders to capture and execute thousands of martyrs. In France alone 29,000 hostages were shot. We know that the fighters of the resistance, whose patriotism is now being admired by the defendants, have been massacred, tortured, interned for the purpose of their slow exterimination; that, under the pretext of reprisals, by the carrying out of orders or by the committing of individual cruelties which were covered by the complicity of the authorities, civilians chosen absolutely at random have been executed, that entire villages were burnt down: Oradoursur-Glane, Maille in France, Putten in Holland ahve not yet risen from their ruins. operational sector of Marshal Kesselring to combat partisan activity by terror. We saw there one officer order as a reprisal the execution of fifty, of one hundred, or even of all the men of region as a reply to isolated acts directed against the German army. The carrying out of that order was authorized on the basis of instructions by the commander of the theater of operations, who himself acted on more general instructions issued by the defendant Keitel. This example illustrates the perfect collaberation of the national Socialist Cadre and the State and pleads, if it is still necessary, for the joint responsibility of the leading personalities of the regime. their homes and forced to produce arms against their own country. more, because Germany, be it the traditional Germany, the Nazi Germany in power, or the same Germany now presenting the poor argument of its defense in the prisoners' docks, has always claimed to adhere to the universal rules of military honor and to the respect due to all soldiers. And, in spite of this, we 29 July M LJG 1-4 have seen Keitel himself, the champion of these ideas to a point that he brought it up again at the conclusion of his testimony in the witness box, urge the Wilhelmstrasse and the co-defendant Goering to approve his criminal propositions concerning the treatment of aviators who fell into their hands.
that the criminal orders to exterminate and lynch aviators had been issued in the regular manner and been transmitted to the agencies charged with their execution. drawing of the order concerning the commandos, nor as to the execution of this order in the various theaters of operations. The Prosecution has furnished a striking collection of evidence on this point. certitude that cruel orders had been issued to execute or intern for the purpose of their extermination men who had already been reduced to a state of helplessness by their detention in a prisoner of war camp.
se of this trial. The defendants themselves attempt only to evade their personal responsibility without denying the atrocity nor the truth of the facts. We have shown now the refractory escaped officers and non-commissioned officers, whose past records and attitude demonstrated their moral force, had been exterminated by the "action" Kugel. domination by systematically organizing the extermination of the populations whose territories she occupied. cal economic and moral destruction of the occupied countries. The means used for that purpose were the brutal or gradual seizure of sovereignty, or the carefully worked out interference of the German authorities in all domains, the creation and implacable execution of a program of economic pillage in order to achieve the exhaustion of the occupied country and to put it at the absolute mercy of the occupant, and as a result the Nazification of the State and the people, together, with the desturction of cultural and moral values. domain of the systematic massacring of people. sedly impossible of assimilation with the National-Socialist world, the immense grave yard of the concentration camps, where 15,000,000 people perished, the abominable achievements of the "Einstzgruppen" (groups for special commitment) described with irrefutable exactness by General Ohlendorf mination attempts which upon examination, prove to be one of the most perfect expressions of the policy followed by the defendants. I am referring to the deliberate under-nourishment to which these non-Germans were subjected who fell under Nazi authority under whatever circumstance entire nations starved out in reprisals, civilians in occupied territories ruthlessly rationed in the framework of the pillage of the territory. The Tribunal recalls what Goering says to the Gauleiters, Number 170 USSR, "It is absolutely immaterial to me if you tell me that your people are collapsing for hunger, Let them collapse, so long as no German starves."
And again with reference to Holland: "It is not our mission to feed a nation which spiritually rejects us. If its people are so weak that they cannot as much as raise a hand where they are not employed to work for us, so much the better..." potential, all this, as well as the slow exhaustion of political internees and prisoners-of-war, is included in the plan of extermination of populations to clear German vital space. in the case of labor deportees, of young healthy men whose presence at home was necessary to the future of the country. a decrease in population of 5 to 25% whereas Germany is the only country in Europe which shows an increase in population.
We have proved all these crimes. After the submission of our documents the hearing of the witnesses, after the projection of films which the defendants themselves could not behold without a shudder of horror, nobody in the world can possibly claim that the extermination camps, the executed prisoners, the slaughtered populations, the mounds of corpses, the human herds maimed in flesh and soul, the cements of torture, gas chambers and creamtories, that all these crimes existed only in the imagination of anti-German propa andists. we have reported. Since they cannot deny them, they merely try to clear their responsibility by burdening the memory of those of their accomplices who committed suicide.
"We knew nothing of those horrors", the say, or again: "we did everything we could to prevent them but Hitler, who was all-powerful, commanded and did not allow disobedience or even resignation from office".
What a ppor defense: Whom can they possibly persuade that they alone were ignorance of that which the whole world knew and that their monitoring stations never reported to them the solemn warnings which the heads of the United Nations gave to the war criminals by radio.