(122-PS,USA-362, Tr. p. 1658). 53. Secret letter, 20 July 1933, to provincial governments and the Prussian Gestapo from Frick, concerning Confessional Youth Organizations.
(1482 USA-738, Tr. p. 255). Gestapo order 20 January 1938, dissolving and co fiscating property of Catholic Youth Women's Organizations in Bavaria.
(1481-PS,USA-737, Tr. p. 255). State Police Order, 28 May 1934 at (r-143,USA-745, Tr. p. 255). 54.
Report by Headquarters, Third United States Army, 21 June 1945, concern Flossenburg Concentration Camp.
(2309-PS,USA-245, Tr. p. 1398, 1412).
tion Camp and dying statement of Franz Ziereis, the Commandant. (3870-PS USA-797, Tr. p. 7699). American concentration camp films (2430-PS, USA 79, Tr. p. 593). Soviet atrocity films (USSR-81, Tr. p. 4673). Affida vit of Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Hoess, 5 April 1946 : ".... I commanded Au dead of anout 3,000,000.
This figure represents about 70 or 80 % of al and used for slave labor in the concentration camp industries.
Include of war (previously screened out of Prisoner of War cages by the Gestape lar Wehrmacht officers and men.
The remainder of the total number of We executed, about 400,000 Hungarian Jews alone at Auschwitz in the summe of 1944 .... I visited Teblinka to find out how they carried out their extermination.
The Camp Commandant at Treblinka told me that he had lig dated 80,000 in the course of one-half year. He was principally concern with liquidating all the Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto. He used monoxide gas and I did not think that his methods were very efficient. So when I set up the extermination building at Auschwitz, I cused Cyclon B, which a crystallized Prussie Acid which we dropped into the death chamber from small opening. It took from 3 to 15 minutes to kill the people in the chamber depending upon climatic conditions. We knew when the people were dead because their screaming stopped. We usu ally waited about one half hour before we opened the doors and removed the bodies. After the bodie were removed our special commandos took off the rings and extracted the gold from the teeth of the corpses. Another improvement we made over Treblinka was that we built our gas chambers to accommodate 2,000 people at one time, whereas at Treblinka their 10 gas chambers only accommodated 200 people each. The way we selected our victims was as follows : we had two SS doctors on duty at Auschwitz to examine the incoming transports of prisoners. The prisoner would be marched by one of the doctors who would make spot decisions as they walked by. Those who were fit for work were sent into the Camp. Others were sent immediately to the extermination plants. Children of tender years were invariable exterminated since by reason of their youth they were unable to work. Still another improvement we made over Treblin ka was that at Treblinka the victims almost always knew that they were be exterminated and at Auschwitz we endeavored to fool the victims into thinking that they were to go through a delousing process. Of course, frequently they realized our true intentions and we sometimes had riots and difficulties due to that fact. Very frequently women would hide the children under the clothes but of course when we found them we would sen the children to be exterminated. We were required to carry out those tions were going on at Auschwitz ". (3868-PS,USA-819, Tr.p. 7810). 55.
Testimony of Witness Blaha. (Tr. pp. 2592. 2636).
Testimony of witness Hoess. (Tr. pp. 7765, 7829.)
Footnote 56.
Testimony of the Defendant Funk. "... And when these measures of my captivity.
I felt ashamed and the feeling of guilt at that moment and I do feel the same way today, but too late."
(Tr. pp.
9042-3). Von Schirach has testified that "Hitler's racial policy was a crime" (Tr. p.10295) and that Auschwitz "is the greatest and most devilish mass murder of history."
(Tr. p.10293) 57.
Testimony of Frank. "... I myself have never installed an too."
(Tr. p.8099).
58. English transcript p.13116.
59. Hitler "Mein Kampf." "In regard to this point I should like to make the following statement:
To demand that the 1914 frontiers illogical.
...We National Socialists must stick firmly to the aim for it to exist on this earth.
...The territory on which one day that has to be shed today."
(GB-128, Tr. pp.2281-2).
60. Hitler, "Mein Kampf" (GB-128, Tr. p.2285).
61. Hitler, "Mein Kampf." "The soil on which we now live was not a gift bestowed by Heaven on our forefathers.
But they had to conquer it by risking their lives.
So also in the future our it by the power of a triumphant sword."
(GB-128, Tr. p.2278).
62. English transcript, pp.6068-9.
63. English transcript, p.6071.
64. Affidavit of Schnitzler, 10 November 1945 (EC-439, USA 618, Tr. pp.
282, 283, 2532.)
65. Letter from Krupp to Hitler, 25 April 1933, with enclosure (D-157, USA-765, Tr. pp.
299, 5124).
66. Krupp speech "Thoughts about the Industrial Enterpriser," January 1944.
"...I have already often repeated orally as well as in according to the terms of the Dictate of Versailles (Diktat) Krupp utensils of all kinds.
It is the one great merit of the entire reasons.
Through years of secret work, scientific and basic ground (D-317, USA 770, Tr. p.289).67.
The Fifth Day of the Party Congress, from Voelkischer Beobachter, Munich (Southern German) Edition, Issue 258, 14 September 1936 (2283-PS, USA 337, Tr. p.255). The Social Life of the New Germany in 1933, pp.
51-54 (302-PS, USA 326, Tr. p.1600). Organization Book of the NSDAP, the NSBO, p. 185 (2271-PS, USA 328, Tr. p.255).1933 (2335-Ps, USA 749, Tr. p.255). Affidavits of Lorenz Hagan, Chairman of Local Committee, German Trade Unions, Nurnberg (2334-PS, USA 238, Tr. p.1405). Affidavit of Mathias Lex, deputy president of the German Shoemakers Union (2928-PS, USA 239, Tr. pp.
1405, 2258) 1933 (2277-PS, USA 748, Tr. p. 255). Death certificate, Flossen letter to his wife, 22 December 1941 (2332-PS, Tr. p.255). Death Hermann, and official letter to his wife, 29 December 1941 (2333-PS, USA 744, Tr. p.255).68.
National Socialist Party Correspondence, release of 2 May 1933, p.1 (2224-PS, USA 364, Tr. pp.
1662-4). Voelkischer Beobachter (People's Observer) Munich edition, 17 May 1933, Fuehrer Edict, p.1 (1940-PS Tr. p. 255). The German Labor Front, Nature, Goal, Means -- Official publication of the German Labor Front, footnote on p.11 (2275-PS, Tr. p.255).69.
Law concerning trustees of labor, 19 May 1933, 1933 Reichsgesetz blatt, Part I, p.285 (405-PS, Tr. p.255).70.
Speech by Ley published in Forge of the Sword, with an introduction by Marshal Goering, pp.
14-17 (1939-PS, Tr. p.255).
71. Minutes of second session of Working Committee of the Reich Defense held on 26 April 1933 (EC-177, USA 390, Tr. pp.
1699, 1727). 72. Minutes of conference of sixth session of Working Committee of Reich Defense Council, held on 23 and 24 January 1934 (EC 404, USA 764, Tr. pp.
291, 5124).
73. Directive from Blomberg to Supreme Commanders of Army, Navy and Air forces, 24 June 1935; accompanied by copy of Reich Defense Law 1935 on the Council for defense of the Reich (2261-PS, USA 24, Tr. pp.
277, 292).
74. Memorandum report about the Four Year plan and preparation of the war economy, 30 December 1936 (EC-408, USA 579, Tr. pp.
279, 281, 287, 5874, 6083).75.
Report on state of preparation for war economic mobilization as of 30 September 1934.
(EC-128, USA 623, Tr. pp.295, 2537).
Footnote 76.
Law against Economic Sabotage, 1936 Reichsgesetzblatt, Part I, p.999.
77. Affidavit of Puhl, 2 November 1945. (EC-436, USA-620, Tr. pp.255, 2535).78.
Minutes of meeting of council of ministers on 27 May 1936 (1301-PS, p.15, USA 123, Tr. p.299).79.
English transcript, p.8342.
80. English transcript, p.2135.
81. Excerpts from Diary kept by General Jodl, January 1937 to August 1939 (1730-PS, USA 72, Tr. pp.
556, 1157).
82. Notes on a conference with Hitler in the Reich Chancellery, Berlin, 5 November 1937, signed by Hitler's Adjutant, Hossbach, and dated 10 November 1937 (386-PS, USA 25, Tr. pp.
336, 735, 2137).
83. File of papers on Case Green (the plan for the attack on Czechoslo vakia) kept by Schmundt, Hitler's Adjutant, April-October 1938 (388-PS, USA 26, Tr. pp.
735, 741-748, 760-765, 769-776, 793, 789-807).
84. Excerpts from Diary kept by General Jodl, January 1937 to August 1939 (1780-PS, USA 72, Tr. pp.
556, 1157).
85. File of papers on Case Green (the plan for the attack on Czechoslovakia kept by Schmundt, Hitler's Adjutant, April-October 1938 (388-PS, USA 26, Tr. pp.
744).
Footnote 26 July LJG 10-1e 86.
Documents found in official Navy files containing notes 1938, September 1938.
(C-23, USA-49, Tr. p. 449). 87. "Germany neither intends or wishes to interfere in or to unite with Austria."
Berlin, May 21, 1935, Voelkischer Beobachter, May 22, 1935.
"Immediately wished to live with her in peace and friendship."
(Berlin, Oct. 6, 1939, Voelkischer Beobachter, October 7, 1939.
"I have given binding declarations to a num ber of states.
None of these can complain that even made to them by Germany.
None of the Scandinavian and integrity of their state."
Berlin, April 28, 1939, Voelkischer Beobachter, April 29, 1939.
"We have That is not a phrase; that is our sacred will."
September 27, 1938. "Without taking the past into with Poland.
This is more than a valuable contribution ally.
We only hope that it will be renewed and continued relations between the two countries.
With the under conscious people."
Berlin, May 21, 1935, Voelkischer Beobachter, May 22, 1935.
"Germany has steadily given able."
Berlin, January 30, 1937, Voelkischer Beobachter, 88. Notes on conference between Goering, Mussolini, and Ciano, 15 April 1939 (1874-PS, USA-125, Tr. p. 929). 89.
Note for Reichminister, 26 August 1938 (TC-76, GB-31, Tr. p. 980). 90.
Speech of Fuehrer at a conference, 23 November 1933, to which all Supreme Commanders were ordered (789-PS, USA-23, Tr. pp.
275, 931). 91. Minutes of conference with Goering at the Air Ministry, (1301-PS, USA-123, Tr. pp.
295, 296, 299, 300, 2555, 2556, 2558, 2559, 5126.)
Notes on conference with Goering in Westerland on 26 July 1939, signed Mueller, 26 July LJG 10-2e dated Berlin, 27 July 1939 (R-133, USA-124, Tr. p. 928) 92.
Minutes of conference, 23 May 1939 "Indoctrination on the Political Situation and future Aims."
(L-79, USA-27, Tr. pp.
*---*, 408, 930). 93. Minutes of Second Meeting of Reich Defense Council, 23 June 1939 (3787-PS, USA-782, Tr. pp.
6406, 6167, 12875-12886). 94.
Minutes of conference, 23 May 1939, "Indoctrination on the Political Situation and Future Aims."
(L-79, USA-27, Tr. pp.
359, 408, 930). 95. Letter from Frank to Goering, 25 January 1940 (1375-PS, USA-172, Tr. p. 1273). 96.
Thierack's notes, 18 September 1942, on discussion for extermination through work (654-PS, US -218, Tr. pp.
1350, 1950). Letter from Minister of Justice Department of Justice (701-PS, USA-497, Tr. p. 1940). 97.
Directive of 27 April 1943 to Commanders of Concentra tion Camps, regarding executions of prisoners (1933-PS, USA-459, Tr. p. 1844). 98.
Copy of telegram from Mueller to Himmler, 16 December 1942, concerning recruiting Jewish labor (1472-PS, USA-279, Tr. p. 1454). Mueller's order, 17 December sent to concentration camps ( 1063-D-PS, USA-219, Tr. p. 1354). 99.
Speer's conference minutes of Central Planning Board, 1942-44, concerning labor supply, p. 36 (R-124, USA 179, Tr. pp.
1286, 1293, 1309, 2989). 100. Report signed by Doenitz, 1944, giving support to Navy and Merchant Marine.
(C-195, GB-211, Tr. p. 2709).
101. Speer's conference minutes of Central Planning Board, 26 July LJG 10-3e 1942-44, concerning labor supply (R-124, USA-179, P. 32 Tr. pp.
1293, 1286, 1309). 102. Memorandum of 15 Spetember 1941 from Canaris to Keitel Soviet prisoners of war (EC-338, USSR-356, Tr. p. 4441). 103.
English transcript, p. 6016. 104. Examples of violations of International Law and 1938, (C-2, USA-90, Tr. p. 2959). 105.
OKW circular entitled Direction of War as Problem of Organization, 19 April 1938 (L-211, GB-161, Tr. p.2397). 106.
English transcript p. 5786. 107. Report by Raeder to Hitler, 16 October 1939 (C-157, GB-224, Tr. p. 2734). 108.
Extract from Befehlshaber der U-bootes; Secret Stand ing Order No. 154 signed by Doenitz.
(D-642, GB-196, Tr. p. 2663).Operation Order "Atlantic" No. 56 for U-boats in Atlantic, 7 October 1943 (D-663, GB-200, Tr. p. 2666). 109.
English transcript, p. 6069. 110. English transcript, p. 5843. 111. English transcript, p. 6050-6052. 112. Extracts from testimony of Goering; "As soon as we under all circumstances.
.. we could not leave this to parliamentary majorities.
..." (Tr. p. 5824). "The Laender Parliaments.
.. I considered entirely superflu ous.
..I could not understand why so many different constructive work.
.. A further point in the strengthen as a parliament.
.. In some cases we suggested to the former parties they dissolve themselves, because they 26 July LJG 10-4e selves were dissolved by us."
(Tr. p. 5828).
"...Towards the further strengthening of power, those laws were established which.
..did away with the so called freedoms.
.." (Tr. p. 5829). See also Tr. p.
6049, 6051. Frick accurately predicted the Nazi method to an opposing member of the Reichstag in 1932, "Don't guys into concentration camps."
(Affidavit of Gebhart
H. Seger, L-83, USA-234). 113. English transcript, p. 6064. 114. English transcript, p. 6054. 115. English transcript, p. 5860. 116. Stenographic report of the meeting on The Jewish Goering, 12 November 1938, (1816-PS, USA-261, Tr. p.1440). 117.
Memorandum, 19 November 1938, concerning meeting of Reich Defense Council (3575-PS, USA-781, Tr. p. 6406, 6157). See also Tr. p. 5846.
For similar reasons of their property (1816-PS). 118.
English transcript, p. 13706. 119. Other factors were not overlooked. One of the reasons for von Neurath's selection as Foreign Minister at connections abroad.
(Tr. p. 6024). 120. Hitler's speech to Commanders-in-Chief, 22 August 1939 (1014-PS, USA-30, Tr. p. 377). 121.
Affidavit of Alfred Helmut Naujocks, 20 November 1945 (2751-PS, USA-482, Tr. p. 1907). Likewise, Jodl noted 26 July LJG 10-5e excuse for the operation ( 1809-PS, GB-88, Tr. p. 1088, 2403). 122.
Case Green with wider implications, report of Intel 1938.
(375-PS, USA-84, Tr. p. 752).
Footnote 123 Minutes of conference, 23 May 1939, "Indoctrination on the political situation and future aims."
(L-79, USA-27, Tr. pp.
399, 408, 930). 124 Goering has accepted responsibility for the Nurnberg Laws, which he signed (Tr.p. 5871), for the Austrian Anschluss (Tr.p. 5895), (Tr.p. 6219). Von Schirach had admitted responsibility for the training of the Hitler Youth:
"It is ray guilt that I educated I believed in that man.
That is all that I can say as an ex planation for my attitude.
But that guilt is my own, my personal guilt.
I had the responsibility for the youth. I carried the authority of command; and so I alone carry the guilt for that youth."
(Tr.p. 10295). Frank has admitted, "I feel a terrible guilt within me."
(Tr.p. 8092). 125 Goering blamed persecution of the churches on Himmler and Bormann.
Tr.p. 5856. Schirach blamed extermination of the Jews on Hitler and Himmler:
"The murder was ordered by Adolf Hitler.
.. he and Himmler together committed that crime, which of all times is the darkest spot in our history.
It is a crime which is shameful to every German."
(Tr.p. 10293). 126 Final argument of Dr. Stahmer, counsel for Goering. Tr.pp. 127 "The Nazi Plan", excerpt of script of a motion picture composed of captured German film.
(3054-PS, USA-167, Tr.p. 1264). 128 Goering testified: "No, I did not want any war..." Tr.p. 6087.
Ribbentrop testified: "The Fuehrer has -- and then I have upon always tried to solve these problems in a diplomatic way."
Tr.p.6826. 129 Goering testified: "to set aside Versailles, the State had to Footnote be strong, for a weak state was never listened to; that we know from experience."
Tr.p. 6070.
130 Goering testified: "I told the Fuehrer that in spite of this Russia; I still would ask him to rather let this menace continue interests of Russia against England."
Tr.p. 3957.
131 English transcript, p. 6048.
132 English transcript, pp. 5894-5, 6036, 6069.
133 English transcript, p. 5998.
Schacht testified: "Q. Well, we found something we agree on, Doctor.
You know of the invasion of Poland? A. Yes. Q. As an unqualified act of aggression on Hitler's part?
A. Absolutely Q. And of Holland?
A. Absolutely. Q. And of Denmark?
A. Absolutely. Q. And of Norway? A. Absolutely. Q. And of Yugoslavia?
A. Absolutely. Q. And of Russia? A. Absolutely, sir; and Norway and Belgium, which you left out."
Tr.p. 8910.
135 Goering testified: "I urged him not at that moment or an even short time thereafter to start any war against Russia."
Tr.p.
5956; see also Tr.p. 6056. Keitel testified that he wrote a memorandum to Hitler opposing the attack on Russia.
He said:
"But I did in that memorandum most certainly refer to the fact that the Non-aggression Pact existed."
Tr.p. 7096.
136 English transcript, p. 12929.
covering letter from von Blomberg, 24 June 1937. (C-175, USA-69, Tr.p. 547). Yet it was in this period that Goering was trying (Tr.p. 5871). Goering has admitted the non-defensive nature of the Luftwaffe (Tr.p.5896). Footnote 138 Final argument of Dr. Stahmer, counsel for Goering.
"Therefore, itself.
A dictator does not enter into a conspiracy with his Tr.p. 12970.
139 English transcript, p. 12155.
140 English transcript, p. 12183.
141 English transcript, pp. 5854, 6036, 6056.
(1893-PS, USA 323, Tr. p. 1578).
143 Criminal Code, 1871, Sec. 128 (never repealed).
144 Goering testified: "In the case of Schacht he was a very strong other had to cede finally."
Tr.p. 6082.
145 "Q. Mr. Dahlerus, will you tell me whether I got all of your last answer to Dr. Stahmer correctly?
Did you say that 'I then realized that it was on the 26th of September, that his, Goering' consent of Great Britain'? Is that right?
A. Yes, it is correct but I should like to say it was the German Government's, inclu ding Goering's, aim."
Tr.p. 6119. The Fuehrer informed Goering was to "eliminate British intervention."
(TC-90, GB-64).
146 Hitler's speech to the Commanders-in-Vhief, 22 August 1939.
(1014-PS, USA-30, Tr.p. 376).
147 Frank Diary. Tagebuch. 1 January 1944 to 28 February 1944.
Entry of 14 January, 15 January, 8 February 1944. (2233-BB-PS, USA-295, Tr.p. 1501). Footnote Ukraine.
(1130-PS, USA-169, Tr.p. 1269).
149 Frank testified: "Q. Did you ever participate in the destruc tion of Jews?
A. I saw yes, and the reason why I say yes is over to these small *---* alone.
I myself have never installed must be mine too.
We have fought against Jewry; we have fought against it for years; and we have allowed ourselves to me in this connection -- utterances which are terrible.
It is this connection with Yes.
A thousand years will pass and this guilt of Germany will still not be erased."
(Tr.p. 8099).
150 Funk explained that he did not hold "the position of minister as one would generally think of it."
(Tr. p. 9014).
151 Ribbentrop, Tr.p. 6837, 6823; Keitel, Tr.p. 7157; Funk, Tr.p.
9118; Goering, Tr.p. 6247.
152 English transcript, p. 8910, supra note 121.
153 English transcript, p. 8808, 8814-17, 8923-25.
154 "The fact was that Hitler tried to use this defeat for the self for the period of reconstruction.
Hitler fled into death, and he left the official report that he had died in battle.
I bud."
(Tr.p.12547). Dahlerus has recorded his impression of Hitler, before the war, as "a completely abnormal person."
(Tr.p. 6125). 155 English transcript, p. 12080. 156. English transcript, p. 12117 157. Milch testified: "My offer that I would try to speak to Hit as absolutely hopeless."
(Tr.p. 5576). 158. English transcript, p. 12118. 159 English transcript, p. 6881 160. Minutes of second session of Working Committee of the Reich Defense Council held on 26 April 1933.
(EC-177, USA-390, Tr.pp.
1699, 1727). 161. Raeder testified: "That is the circumvention of the Versailles which I explained during the recent days here.
It was a matter of honor for every man to do it."
(Tr.p. 9919.) 162. Goering testified: "During a conversation which I had with but by Seyss-Inquart.
That was absolutely true. Legally, in was de jure, and why should I be an exception there?"
(Tr.p.5891) Goering saying:
"Now, remember the following: You go immediately together with Lt. General Muff and tell the Federal President line, and Austria will case to exist."
Transcript of tele phone calls from Air ministry, 11-14 March 1938.
(2949-PS, USA-76, Tr.p.566 163.
German assurance to Czechoslovakia of 11 March 1938.
(Tc-27, GB-21, Tr.p. 962.) 164 Speer's conference minutes of Central Planning Board, 1942-44, concerning labor supply.
(R-124, USA-179, Tr.pp. 1286, 1293, 1309, 2989.)
165. English transcript, p. 5878. 166. English transcript, p. 6150 167. English transcript, p. 5900: see also Tr.p. 5998. 168. English transcript, p. 8527. 169. English transcript, pp. 8516-19 170. English transcript, p. 13276. 171. English transcript, p. 6857. 172. Examples of the application of this philosophy may be found in Goerings' explanation of his art looting:
he had intended to for the German people -- some day (Tr.p. 5934): his statement treated as "comrades" (Tr.p. 5979); and his attempt to the result of conversational excitement (Tr.p. 6192).THE PRESIDENT:
The Tribunal will adjourn.
(A recess was takne until 1400 hours.)
(The hearing reconvened at 1345 hours, 26 July 1946)
THE PRESIDENT: I call on the Chief Prosecutor of the United Kingdom, Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
SIR HARTLEY SHAWCROSS: May it please the Tribunal; like my distinguished colleague whose suecinct, able and eloquent speech I cannot hope to emulate, I desire on behalf of the British Prosecutors at this trial to lay before the Tribunal some comment. I am afraid it is of some length on those salient and outstanding features of the evidence which, in our submission, make clear the guilt of these defendants. Although throughout these proceedings the representatives of the prosecuting powers have worked in the closest cooperation and agreement and although there are certain matters which I shall be laying before the Tribunal on behalf of all of us, we all thought it right at this final stage, even at the cost of some inevitable repetition and overlapping, that we should prepare our final submissions quite independently so that the Tribunal and our own countries might know exactly the grounds on which we seek the condemnation of these men; and if it turns out that several of us point to the same evidence or reach similar conclusions, a: no doubt it will, that very coincidence reached independently may perhaps add force to our submissions that each of these defendants is legally guilty. so frightful that the imagination staggers and reels back at their very contemplation is not in doubt. Let the words of the Defendant Frank, which were repeated to you this morning, be well remembered: "thousands of years will pass and this guilt of Germany will not be erased." Total and totalitarian war, waged in defiance of solemn undertakings and in breach of Treaties; great cities, from Coventry to Stalingrad, reduced to rubble, the country side laid waste, and now the inevitable aftermath of war so fought -- hunger and disease stalking through the world: millions of people homeless, maimed, bereaved. And in their graves, crying out, not for vengeance but that this shall not happen again, ten million who might be living in peace and happiness at this hour, soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians killed in battles that ought never to have been.
Nor was that the only or the greatest crime. In all our countries who perhaps in the heat of passion or for other motives which impair restraint some individual is killed, the murder becomes a sensation, our compassion is aroused, nor do we rest until the criminal is punished and the rule of law is vindicated. Shall we do less when not one but on the lowers computation twelve million men, women and children, are done to death. Not in battle, not in passion, but in the cold, calculated, deliberate attempt to destroy nations and races, to disintegrate the traditions, the institutions a the very existence of free and ancient States. Twelve million murders. Two thirds of the Jews in Europe exterminated, more than six million of them on the killers' own figures. Murder conducted like some mass production industry in the gas chambers and the ovens of Auschwitz, Dachau, Treblinka, Buchenwald, Mauthausen, Maidanek and Oranienburg.