On page one the quotation begins:
"This fateful struggle will first be taken up with the ballot, in a battle, blood must be shed, and iron broken.
The ballot is the beginning of the fateful struggle.
We are determined to promulgate by force that which we preach.
Just as Mussolini exterminated the Marxists dictatorship and terror."
THE PRESIDENT: This is the defendant, is it?
MR. DODD: Yes, the defendant Frick.
camp against the men who wanted peace. There was, for example, a group called the Bibel Forscher; that is, Bible Research Workers, most of whom were known as Jehovah's Witnesses.
They were pacifists, and so the number D-84, U.S.A. Exhibit No. 236.
13. Dec.M.RT-1 is an order by the Secret State Police at Berlin, and I refer particularly to the first and last paragraphs of this order, as follows:
"The Reichsminister of Justice had informed me that he does not share the opinion voiced by subordinate departments on various occasions, according to which, the arrest of the Bibelforschers after they have served a sentence is supposed to jeopardize the authority of the Law Courts. He is fully aware of the necessity for measures by the State Police after the sentence has been served. He asks, however, not to bring the Bibelforchers into protective custody under circumstances detrimental to the respect of the Law Courts."
And then, the paragraph numbered (2):
"If information regarding the impending release of a Bibelforscher from arrest is received from the authorities carrying out the sentence, my decision regarding the ordering of measures by the State Police, will be asked for in accordance with my circular decree dated 22.4.37, so that transfer to a Concentration Camp can take place immediatly after the sentence has been served. Should a transfer into Concentration Camp immediatly after the serving of the sentence not be possible, Bibelforschers will be detained in police prisons."
majority are traditionally opposed to wars of aggression, also felt the full force of Nazi terror. A member of the American staff, Major Wallis, has already submitted evidence before this Tribunal concerning the conspirators' campaign against the trade unions. But the concentration camp was an important weapon in this campaign, and the Tribunal will recall that in Document No.2324-PS, to which I made reference this morning, the Defendant Goering made it plain that members of the Social Democratic Party were to be confined in concentration camps. Now, labor leaders were very largely members of that Party, and they soon learned the horrors of protective custody. We refer to Document No. 2330-PS, which has already been received as part of USA Exhibit A, which consists of an order that one Joseph Simon should be placed in protective custody. We refer to the middle of the first page of the English translation of that order, beginning with the material under the word "Reasons."
THE PRESIDENT: I think you should read the sentence before that -- the two lines before it. The words are: "The arrestee has no right to appeal against the decree of protective custody."
MR. DODD: "The arrestee has no right to appeal against the decree of protective custody." Then comes a title "Reasons":
"Simon was for many years a member of the Socialist Party and temporarily a member of the Union Socialists Populaire. From 1907 to 1918 he was Landtag deputy of the Socialist Party; from 1908 to 1930 Social Democratic City Counsellor (Stadrat) in Nurnberg. In view of the decisive role which Simon played in the international trade unions, and in regard to his connection with international Marxist leaders and central agencies, which he continued after the national recovery, he was placed under protective custody on the third day of May 1933, and was kept, until 25 January 1934, in the Dachau Concentration Camp. Simon is under the urgent suspicion that even after this date he played an active part in the illegal continuation of the Socialist Party.
He took part in meetings which aimed at the illegal continuation of the Socialist Party and propagation of illegal Marxist printed matter in Germany. Through this radical attitude, which is hostile to the State, Simon directly endangers public security and order." of such instances, but I refer the Tribunal to documents which have already been offered in connection with the presentation of the evidence concerning the destruction of the trade unions. In particular, we wish to refer to Document No.2334-PS and Document No. 2928-PS, both of which are included within USA Exhibit A. confined in these concentration camps. The evidence on this point will be developed in a later presentation by another member of the prosecuting staff of the United States. But among the wealth of evidence available on this point, showing the confinement of Germans only because they were Jews, we wish to offer a Document, No.3051-PS, which bears USA Exhibit No.240. This is a copy of a teletype from SS Gruppenfuehrer Heydrich, and it is dated the 10th of November 1938. It was sent to all Headquarters of the State Police and all Districts and Sub-Districts of the SD. We refer to paragraph 5 of this teletype. Paragraph 5 is found on page 3 of the English translation. It begins at the bottom of page 2 and runs over to page 3. Quoting paragraph 5:
"Inasmuch as in the course of the events of this night the employment of officials used for this purpose would be possible, in all districts as many Jews, especially rich ones, are to be arrested as can be accommodated in the existing prisons. For the time being only healthy men not too old are to be arrested. Upon their arrest, the appropriate concentration camps should be contacted immediately, in order to confine them in these camps as fast as possible."
"Special care should be taken that the Jews arrested in accordance with these instructions are not mistreated."
against the Jews had been motivated not simply by Nazi racialism. Himmler indicated that this policy had been motivated by a fear that the Jews might have been an obstacle to aggression. There is no necessity to consider whether this fear was justified. The important consideration is that the fear existed, and with reference to it we refer to Document 1919-PS, which bears USA Exhibit No. 170. The document is a speech delivered by Himmler at the meeting of the SS Major Generals at Posen on 4 October 1943, in the course of which he sought to justify the Nazi anti-Jewish policy. We refer to a portion of this document or this speech which is found on page 4, paragraph 3, of the English translation, starting with the words "I mean the clearing out of the Jews":
"I mean the clearing out of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish race. It's one of those things it is easy to talk about 'The Jewish race is being exterminated', says one Party member, 'that's quite clear, it's in our program, elimination of the Jews, and we're doing it, exterminating them'. And then they come, 80 million worthy Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. Of course, the others are vermin, but this one is an A-1 Jew. Not one of all those who talk this way has witnessed it, not one of them has been through it. Most of you must know what it means when 100 corpses are lying side by side, or 500 or 1000. To have stuck it out and at the same tire -apart from exceptions caused by human weakness -- to have remained decent fellows, that is what has made us hard. This is a page of glory in our history which has never been written and is never to be written, for we know how difficult we should have made it for ourselves, if with bombing raids, the burden and deprivations of war - we still had Jews today in every town as secret saboteurs, agitators and troublemongers." launching of the Nazi aggression, the concentration camp had been one of the principal weapons by which the conspirators achieved the social cohesion which was needed for the execution of their plans for aggression.
After they launched this aggression and their armies swept over Europe, they brought the concentration camp to occupied countries, and they also brought the citizens of the occupied countries to Germany and subjected them to the whole apparatus of Nazi brutality.
Document No. R-91 is USA Exhibit No. 241. This document consists of a communication dated the 16th day of December 1942, sent by Mueller, M-U-E-L-L-E-R, to Himmler, for the Chief of the Security Police and SD, and deals with the seizure of Polish Jews for deportation to concentration camps in Germany. I am beginning with the first paragraph. It says, quoting directly:
"In connection with the increase in the transfer of labor to the concentration camps, ordered to be completed by 30 January 1943, the following procedure may be applied in the Jewish section.
"1. Total number: 45,000 Jews.
"2. Start of transportation: 11 January 1943.
End of transportation: 31 January 1943. The Reich railroads are unable to provide special trains for the evacuation during the period from 15 December 1942 to 10 January 1943, because of the increased traffic of armed forces leave trains.
"3. Composition: The 45,000 Jews are to consist of 30,000 Jews from the district of Byalystock. 10,000 Jews from the Ghetto Theresienstadt, 5,000 of whom are Jews fit for work who heretofore had been used for smaller jobs required for the Ghetto, and 5,000 Jews who are generally incapable of working, also over 60-year old Jews."
And passing the next sentence:
"As heretofore only such Jews would be taken for the evacuation who do not have any particular connections and who are not in possession of any high decorations. 3,000 Jews from the occupied Dutch territories, 2,000 Jews from Berlin -- 45,000. The figure of 45,000 includes the invalid (old Jews and children). By use of a practical standard, the screening of the arriving Jews in Auschwitz should yield at least 10,000 to 15,000 people fit for work."
The Jews of Hungary suffered the same tragic fate. Between 19 March 1944 and the 1st of August 1944 more than 400,000 Hungarian Jews were rounded up. Many of these were put in wagons and sent to extermination camps, and we refer to Document No. 2605-PS, USA Exhibit No. 242. This document is an affidavit made in London by Dr. Rudolph Kastner, a former official of the Hungarian Zionist Organization. We refer to page 3 of the document, the third full paragraph:
"19 March 1944" -- quoting -- "Together with the German Military occupation arrived in Budapest a 'Special Section Commando' of the German Secret Police with the sole object of liquidating the Hungarian Jews. It was headed by Adolf Aichmann, SS Obersturmbannfuehrer, Chief of Section IV.B of the Reich Security Head Office. His immediate collaborators were: SS Obersturmbannfuehrer Hermann Krumcy, Hauptsturmfuehrer Wisliczeny, Hunsche, Novak, Dr. Seidl, and later Danegger, Wrtok. They arrested and later deported to Nauthausen, all the leaders of Jewish political and business life and journalists, together with the Hungarian democratic and anti-Fascist politians, taking advantage of the 'interregnum' following upon the German occupation lasting four days, they have placed their Quislings into the Ministry of the Interior."
with the words "Commanders of the death camps", and quoting:
"Commanders of the death camps gassed only on direct or indirect instructions of Aichmann. The particular officer of IV.B. who directed the deportations from some particular country had the authority to indicate whether the train should go to a death camp or not, and what should happen to the passengers. The instructions were usually carried by the SS-NCO escorting the train. The letters "A" or "M" -- capital letters "A" or "M" -- "on the escorting instruction documents indicated Auschwitz or Majdanek; it meant that the passengers were to be gassed."
And passing over the next sentence, we come to these words:
"Regarding Hungarian Jews the following general ruling was laid down in Auschwitz: children up to the age of 12 or 14, older people over 50, as well as the sick, or people with criminal records, who were transported in specially marked wagons, were taken immediately on their arrival to the gas chambers.
"The others passed before an SS doctor who, on sight, indicated who was fit for work and who was not. Those unfit were sent to the gas chambers, while the others were distributed in various labor camps."
In the so-called "Eastern territories" these victims were apprehended for extermination...
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Dodd, don't you want page 5 for the numbers which you have stated -- 27th of June, up to the 27th of June 1944? You haven't given us any authority for the numbers that you have stated.
MR. DODD: Oh, yes. On page 5 of that same document, 2605-PS, quoting: "Up to the 27th of June, 1944, 475,000 Jews were deported."
In the so-called "Eastern territories", these victims were apprehended for extermination in concentration camps without any charges having been placed against them. In the Western occupied territories, charges seemed to have been made against some of the victims. Some of the charges which the Nazi conspirators considered sufficient basis for confinement to the concentration camps are shown by reference to Document No. L-215, which bears USA Exhibit 243.
This document is the summary of the file, the dossier, of twenty-five persons arrested in Luxembourg for commitment to various concentration camps, and sets forth the charges made against each person. Beginning with the paragraph after the name "Henricy", at the bottom of the first page, and quoting:
The name: "Henricy.
"Charge: By associating with members of illegal resistance movements and making money for them, violating legal foreign exchange rates, by harming the interests of the Reich and being expected in the future to disobey official administrative regulations and act as an enemy of the Reich.
"Place of confinement: Natsweiler."
Next comes the name of "Krier"; and the charge:
"By being responsible for advanced sabotage of labor and causing fear because of his political and criminal past. Freedom would only further his anti-social urge.
"Place of confinement: Buchenwald."
Passing to the middle of page 2, after the name "MONTI," "Charge: By being strongly suspected of aiding desertion. Sachsenhausen, place of confinement."
Next, after the name "Junker," "Charge: Because as a relative of a deserter he is expected to endanger the interests of the German Reich if allowed to go free. Place of confinement, again, Sachsenhausen."
"JAEGER" is the next name and the charge against Jaeger, quoting, "Because as a relative of a deserter he is expected to take advantage of every occasion to harm the German Reich. Place of confinement, Sachsenhausen.
And down to the name "LUDWIG," "For being strongly suspected of aiding desertion. Place of confinement, Dachau." prisoners of war were subjected to the horrors and the brutality of the concentration camps; and we refer to Document No. 1165 PS, which bears USA Exhibit No. 244. This document is a memorandum to all officers of the State Police, signed by Mueller, the Chief of the Gestapo, dated the 9th of November, 1941. The memorandum has the revealing title of, and I quote, "Transportation of Russian Prisoners of War, Destined for Execution, into the Concentration Camps." found on page 2 of the English translation and I quote directly:
"The commandants of the concentration camps are complaining that 5 to 10% of the Soviet Russians destined for execution are arriving in the camps dead or half dead. Therefore the impression has arisen that the Stalags are getting rid of such prisoners in this way.
"It was particularly noted that, when marching, for example, from the railroad station to the camp a rather large number of PWs collapsed on the way from exhaustion, either dead or half dead, and had to be picked up by a truck following the convoy.
"It cannot be prevented that the German people take notice of these occurrences.
"Even if the transportation to the camps is generally taken care of by the Wehrmacht, the population will attribute this situation to the SS.
"In order to prevent, if possible, similar occurrences in the future, I therefore order that, effective from today on, Soviet Russians, declared definitely suspect and obviously marked by death (for example with typhus) and who therefore would not be able to withstand the exertions of even a short march on foot, shall in the future, as a matter of basic principle, be excluded from the transport into the concentration camps for execution." concentration camps is found in an official report of the Flossenburg concentration camp by the Headquarters of the United States Third Army, the Judge Advocate Section, and particularly the War Crimes Branch, under date of the 21st day of June, 1945. It is our Document No. 2309-PS and bears USA Exhibit No. 245. At the bottom of page 2 of the English text, the last two sentences of that last paragraph say, and I quote:
"In 1941 an additional stockade was added at the FLOSSENBURG CAMP, to hold 2,000 Russian prisoners. From these 2,000 prisoners only 102 survived." camps, too; and at page 4 of this same Document No. 2309-PS, it will show, particularly paragraph 5, on page 4, and I quote it:
"The victims of FLOSSENBURG included among the Russian, civilians and prisoners of war, German nationals, Italians, Belgians, Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, British and American prisoners of war. No practical means was available to complete a list of victims of this camp, however, since the foundation of the Camp in 1938 until the day of liberation it is estimated that more than 29,000 inmates died." conspirators, and these camps were especially set up as extermination centers, and we refer to Document No. 1630-PS, bearing USA Exhibit No.246. This document is a communication from the Secret State Police of Cologne and it is dated the 4th day of March, 1944.
At the very top of the English text it says "To be transmitted in secret -- to be handled as a secret Government matter."
In the third paragraph, quoting: "Concerning measures to be taken against captured escaped prisoners of war who are officers or non-working non-commissioned officers, except British and American prisoners of war. The Supreme Command of the Army has ordered as follows:"
"1. Every captured escaped prisoner of war who is an officer or a non-working non-commissioned officer, except British and American prisoners of war, is to be turned over to the Chief of the Security Police and of the Security Service under the classification 'Stop III' regardless of whether the escape occurred during a transport, whether it was a mass escape or an individual one.
"2. Since the transfer of the prisoners of war to the security police and security service may not become officially known to the outside under any circumstances other prisoners of war may by no means be informed of the capture. The captured prisoners are to be reported to the Army Information Bureau as 'escaped and not captured'. Their mail is to be handled accordingly. Inquiries of representatives of the Protective Power of the International Red Cross and of other aid societies will be given the same answer." Mueller, acting for the Chief of the Security Police and SD, directing the Gestapo to transport escaped prisoners directly to Mauthausen; and I quote the first two paragraphs of Mueller's order, which begin on the bottom of page 1 and run over to page 2 of the English text. Quoting:
"The State Police Directorates will accept the captured escaped officer prisoners of war from the prisoner of war camp commandants and will transport then to the Concentration Camp Mauthausen following the procedure previously used, unless the circumstances render a special transport imperative. The prisoners of war are to be put in irons on the transport - not on the station if it is subject to view by the public. The camp commandant at Mauthausen is to be notified that the transfer occurs within the scope of the action 'Kugel'. The State Police Directorates will submit semi-yearly reports on these transfers giving merely the figures, the first report being due on 5 July 1944 (Sharp)."
Passing the next three sentences, we come to this line:
"For the sake of secrecy, the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces has been requested to inform the Prisoner of war camps to turn the captured prisoners over to the local State.
Police Office and not to send them directly to Mauthausen." word 'Kugel' is the English word "bullet," since Mauthausen, where the escaped prisoners were sent, was an extermination center. camps over all of Europe. In this connection, we refer to Document No. R-129. It is a report on the location of concentration camps, signed by Pohl, who was an SS General, who was in charge of concentration camp labor policies. Document No. R-129, bears our U.S.A. Exhibit No 217. and 2 of this document, which are found on page 1 of the English translation. It is addressed to the Reichsfuehrer SS and bears the stamp "Secret." Reichsfuehrer: Today I report about the present situation of the concentration camps and about measures I have taken in order to carry out your order of the 3rd March 1942:
"1. At the outbreak of war there existed the following concentration camps:
a. Dachau - 1939, 4,000 prisoners; today 8,000.
b. Sachsenhausen - 1939, 6,500 prisoners; today 10,000.
c. Buchenwald - 1939, 5,300 prisoners; today 9,000.
d. Mauthausen - 1939, 1,500 prisoners; today 5,500.
e. Flossenburg - 1939, 1,600 prisoners; today 4,700.
f. Ravensbrueck - 1939, 2,500 prisoners; today 7,500." And then it goes on to say in paragraph number 2: quoting: "In the years 1940 to 1942 nine further camps were erected:
a. Auschwitz b. Neuengamme.
c. Guson.
d. Natzweiler.
e. Gross-Rosen.
f. Lublin.
g. Niederhagen.
h. Stutthof.
i. Arbeitsdorf." this Document R-129, from which I have just read these names and figures, there were many, many others. I refer to the official report by the United States Third Army Headquarters, to which we have already made reference, Document No. 2309-PS, on page 2 in the English text, Section IV, paragraph 4, Quoting:
"Concentration Camp Flossenburg was founded in 1938 as a camp for political prisoners. Construction was commenced on the camp in 1938 and it was not until April 1940 that the first transport of prisoners was received. From this time on prisoners began to flow steadily into the camp. (Exh. B-1). Flossenburg was the mother camp and under its direct control and jurisdiction were 47 satellite camps or outer-commandos for male prisoners and 27 camps for female workers. To these outercommandos were supplied the necessary prisoners for the various work projects undertaken.
"Of all these outer-commandos Horsbruck and Leitmeritz (in Czechoslovakia) Oberstaubling, Malsen and Sall, located on the Danube, were considered to be the worst." of the Nazi concentration camps which dotted the map of Europe. We feel that the widespread use of these camps is commonly known and notorious. We do, however, wish to invite the Tribunal's attention to a chart which we have had prepared. The solid black line marks the boundary of Germany after the Anschluss, and we call to the Tribunal's attention the fact that the majority of the camps shown on the chart are located within the territorial limits of Germany itself. They are the red spots, of course, on the map. In the center of Germany there is the Buchenwald camp located near the city of Weimar, and at the extreme bottom of the chart there is Dachau, several miles outside of Munich. At the top of the chart are Nouengamma and Bergen-Belsen, located near Hamburg. To the left is the Neiderhagen camp in the Ruhr Valley.
In the upper right there are a number of camps near Berlin, one named Sachsenhausen (formerly Orianenburg, which was one of the first camps established after the Nazis came into power). Near to that is the camp of Ravensbruck which was used exclusively for women.
Some of the most notorious camps were located indeed outside of Germany. Mauthausen was in Austria. In Poland was the infamous Auschwitz; and to the left of the chart is a camp called Hertogenbosch and this one was located in Holland, as the chart shows: and below it is Natzweiler, located in France. that surrounding each of the major camps - the larger red dots - is a group of satellite camps, and the names of the principal camps, the most notorious camps, at least, are above the map and below it on the chart; and those names, for most people, symbolize the Nazi system of concentration camps as they have become known to the world since May or a little later in 1945. which was meted out in these camps. The motion picture to which I have made reference a short time ago and which was shown to the members of this High Tribunal, has disclosed the terrible and savage treatment which was inflicted upon these Allied nationals, prisoners of war and other victims of Nazi terror. Because the moving picture has so well shown the situation as of the time of its taking at least, I shall confine myself to a very brief discussion of the subject. we say, directly related to the objectives which these Nazi conspirators sort to achieve outside of the camps through their employment of terror. "Concentration camps" rolled off the lips of these men. How simple all problems became when they could turn to the terror institution of the concentration camps. I refer to Document No. R-124, which is already before the Tribunal as U.S.A. Exhibit 179. It is again that document covering the minutes of the Central Planning Committee on which the Defendant Speer sat, and where the high strategy of the high Nazi armament production was formulated. I do not intend to read from the document again, because I read from it this morning, to illustrate another point, but the Tribunal will recall that it was at this meeting that the Defendant Speer and others were discussing the so-called slackers, and the conversation had to do with having drastic steps taken against these workers who were not putting out sufficient work to please their masters.
Speer suggested that "there is nothing to be said against the SS and Police taking steps and putting those known as slackers into concentration camps", and he used the words "concentration camps". And he said "Let it happen several times and the news will soon get around." victims. As for getting the news around, as suggested by the Defendant Speer, this was not left to chance, as we shall presently show. was a carefully planned thing. To heighten the atmosphere of terror, these camps were shrouded in secrecy. What went on in the barbed wire enclosures was a matter of fearful conjecture in Germany and countries under Nazi control; and this was the policy from the very beginning, when the Nazis first came into power and set up this system of concentration camps. we refer now to Document No. 778-PS, which bears U.S.A. Exhibit No.247. This document is an order issued on the 1st of October 1933, by the camp commander of Dachau. The document prescribed a program of floggings, solitary confinement and executions for the inmates for infractions of the rules. ing conditions within the camp; and I refer to the first page of the English text, paragraph numbered Article 11, and quoting:
"By virtue of the law on revolutionaries, the following offenders, considered as agitators, will be hung. Anyone who, for the purpose of agitating, does the following in the camp, at work, in the quarters, in the kitchens and workshops, toilets and places of rest; politicizes, holds inciting speeches and meetings, forms cliques, loiters around with others; who for the purpose of supplying the propaganda of the opposition with atrocity stories, collects true or false information about the concentration camp and its institution; receives such information, buries it, talks about it to others, smuggles it out of the camp into hands of foreign visitors or others by means of clandestine or other methods, passes it on in writing or orally to released prisoners or prisoners who are placed above them, conceals it in clothing or other articles, throws stones and other objects over the camp wall containing such information; or produces sacred documents; who, for the purpose of agitating, climbs on barracks' roofs and trees, seeks contact with the outside by giving light or other signals, or induces others to escape or commit a crime, gives them advices to that effect or supports such undertakings in any way whatsoever."
an officially inspired rumor campaign outside the camps. Concentration camps were spoken of in whispers, and the whispers were spread by agents of the secret police. When the Defendant Speer said that if the threatening of the concentration camp were used the news would get around soon enough, he knew whereof he spoke.
We refer to Document 1531-PS. With reference to this document, I wish to submit a word of explanation. The original German text, the original German document, the captured document was here in the Document Room and was translated into English as our translation shows. Yesterday, we were advised that it has either been lost or misplaced, the original German text, and unfortunately no photostatic copy was available here in Nurnberg. A certified copy is, however, being sent to the office here from Frankfurt and it is on its way today, and I ask the Tribunal's permission to offer the English translation of the German original, which is certified to be accurate by the translator, into evidence, subject to a motion to strike it if the certified copy of the original German document does not arrive.
Now, I refer to the Document No. 1531-PS. It bears our USA Exhibit No. 248. This document is marked "Top Secret," and it is addressed to all State Police, District Offices, and to the Gestapo Office, and for the Inspectors of the Security Police and the SD. It is an order relating to concentration camps, issued by the head of the Gestapo, and I read from the English text, beginning with the second paragraph, and quoting directly:
"In order to achieve a further deterrent effect, the following must, in future, be observed in each individual case.