Sonderkommando 4a murdered 32 Gypsies. with the Group Staff and police units, murdered 33,771 Jews and confiscated their clothing and valuables. Jews. vicinity of Krementschug, Sonderkommando 4b murdered 125 Jews and 103 political officials. Sonderkommando 4b murdered 186 persons. Poltawa, Sonderkommando 4b murdered 595 persons. vicinity of Kiew, Sonderkommando 4b murdered 861 persons, including 139 Jews and 649 political officials. vicinity of Artemowsk, Sonderkommando 4b murdered 1,317 persons, including 1,224 Jews and 63 "political activities." operational areas, Einsatzkommando 5 murdered 29, 644 persons. murdered 74 Jews. of Berditschew, Einsatzkommando 5 murdered 8,800 Jews and 207 political officials. vicinity, of Rowno, Einsatzkommando 5 murdered 2,615 Jews and 64 political officials.
vicinity of Kiew, Einsatzkommando 5 murdered about 8.000 Jews and 104 political officials. vicinity of Dnjepropetrowsk, Einsatzkommando 6 murdered 226 Jews and 19 political officials. of Stalino, Einsatzkommando 6 murdered about 149 Jews and 173 political officials. 6 murdered 493 persons, including 80 political activities and 369 Jews. and other crimes which included, but were not limited to, the following: in the area of Southern Russia, murdered more than 90,000 persons. murdered 45 persons, including the Council of Jewish Elders. murdered 16 Communists and 682 Jews. Kitschinew, Einsatzkommando 11a murdered 551 Jews. 11b murdered over 700 persons. Einsatzkommando 12 murdered 94 Jews. of Chotin, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 150 Jews and Communists. vicinity of Nikolajew, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 8,890 Jews and Communists.
vicinity of Nikolajew and Cherson, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 22,467 Jews. east of the Dnjepr, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 4,891 Jews and 46 Communists.
(L) During the period 15 January 1942 to 31 January 1942 within its operational areas, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 3,601 persons, including 3,286 jews and 152 Communists.
(M) During the period 1 February 1942 to 15 February 1942 within its operational areas, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 1,451 persons, including 920 Jews and 468 Communists.
(N) During the period 16 February 1942 to 28 February 1942 within its operational areas, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 1,515 persons, including 729 Jews, 271 Communists and 421 Gypsies and other persons.
(O) During the period 1 March 1942 to 15 March 1942 within its operational areas, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 2,010 persons, including 678 Jews, 359 Communists, and 810 Gypsies and other persons.
(P) During the period 15 March 1942 to 30 March 9142 within its operational areas, Einsatzgruppe D murdered 1,501 persons, including 588 Jews, 405 Communists, and 261 Gypsies and other persons.
10. The acts and conduct of the defendants set forth in this Court were committed unlawfully, wilfully and knowingly and constitute violations of the law of nations, international conventions, general principles of criminal law as derived from the criminal law of all civilized nations, the international penal laws of the countries in which such crimes were committed, and Article II of Control Council Law No. 10.
11. Between 22 June 1941 and July 1943 all of the defendants herein committed war crimes as defined in Article II of Control Council Law No. 10, in that they were principals in, accessories to, ordered, abetted, took a consenting part in, were connected with plans and enterprises involving, and were members of organizations or groups connected with: atrocities and offenses against persons and property constituting violations of the laws or customs or war, including, but not limited to, murder and ill-treatment of prisoners of war and civilian populations of countries and territories under the billigerent occupa tion of, otherwise controlled by Germany, and wanton destruction and devastation not justified by military nnecessity.
The particulars concerning these crimes are set forth in paragraphs 6 to 9, inclusive, of Count One of this Indictment and are incorporated herein by reference.
12. The acts and conduct of the defendants set forth in this Count were committed unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly and constitute violations of international conventions, particularly of Articles 43 and 46 of the Regulations of the Hague Convention No. IV, 1907, the Prisoner-of-War Convention (Geneva, 1929), the laws and customs of war, the general principles of criminal law as derived from the criminal laws of all civilized nations--The international penal laws... It should be the "internal penal laws." It should be corrected.
THE PRESIDENT: Let that correction be noted in the record.
MR. WALTON: ...the internal penal laws of the countries in which such crimes were committed, and Article II of Control Council Law No. 10.
13. All the defendants herein are charged with membership, subsequent to 1 September 1939, in organizations declared to be criminal by the International Military Tribunal and paragraph 1 (d) of Article II of Control Council Law No. 10. Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Arbeiterpartei (commonly known as the "SS"). Blume, Sandberger, Seibert, Steimle, Biberstein, Braune, Haensch, Otto, Strauch, Haussman, Klingelhoefer, Fendler, Von Radetzky, Schulbert and Graf were members of Aemater III, VI and VII of the Reichssicherheitshauptanit (RSHA) constituting the Reichssicherheitsdienst des Reichsfuehrers SS (Commonly known as the "SD").
and Ruehl were members of Amt IV of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) constituting the Geheime Staatspolizei (commonly known as the "Gestapo"). of the Military Tribunals and the charges herein made against the above-named defendants are hereby presented to the Military Tribunals.
Signed "Telford Taylor, Brigadier General, U.S. Army, Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, Acting on behalf of the United States of America."
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Walton, do you know whether the error pointed out by you is the result of a translation incorrectly done, or entirely a typographical error?
MR. WALTON: It is my impression, sir, that it is a typographical error. I will inform myself and report to the Court later on.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, it occurred to the Tribunal that we might make the correction now without the necessity of a formal amendment, if it is purely a typographical error; and if there is no objection from either side we will see to it that the indictment will read, in paragraph 12, "the internal penal laws," instead of the International penal laws," as you pointed out. notwithstanding each one will be asked whether he is familiar with the indictment because of having read it himself. into the microphone. There will be no speeches, discussions or arguments of any kind at this time. The defendant will answer the very simple questions put to him, and then plead "guilty" or "not guilty" to the charges lodged against him in the indictment. Tribunal?
DEFENDANT OHLENDORF: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thrity days ago?
DEFENDANT OHLENDORF: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT OHLENDORF: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT OHLENDORF: Not guilty, in the sense of the indictment.
THE PRESIDENT: You plead not guilty?
DEFENDANT OHLENDORF: Yes.
THE PRESIDNET: Very well.
Heinz Jost. Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT JOST: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Was the indictment in the German languaged served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT JOST: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT JOST: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT JOST: Not guilty, in the sense of the indictment.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well. bunal?
DEFENDANT NAUMANN: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT NAUMANN: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT NAUMANN: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: How do you plead to this indictment, builty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT NAUMANN: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well.
Erwin Schulz, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT SCHULZ: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT SCHULZ: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT SCHULZ: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT SCHULZ: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Franz Six, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT SIX: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT SIX: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT SIX: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT SIX: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Paul Blobel, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT BLOBEL: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT BLOBEL: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT BLOBEL: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT BLOBEL: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: You may be seated. Walter Blume.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT BLUME: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT BLUME: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT BLUME: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: How do you plead to this indictment, builty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT BLUME: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Martin Sandberger.
JUDGE SPEIGHT:Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT SANDBERGER: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT SANDBERGER: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT SANDBERGER: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT SANDBERGER: Not guilty, in the sense of the indictment.
THE PRESIDENT: Willy Seibert.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT SEIBERT: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you more than thirty days ago--at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT SEIBERT: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT SEIBERT: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT SEIBERT: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Eugen Steimle.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT STEIMLE: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT STEIMLE: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT STEIMLE: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT STEIMLE: Not guilty, in the sense of the indictment.
THE PRESIDENT: Ernst Biberstein.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT BIBERSTEIN: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT BIBERSTEIN: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT BIBERSTEIN: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT BIBERSTEIN: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT BIBERSTEIN: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Werner Praune.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT BRAUNE: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT BRAUNE: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT BRAUNE: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: How do you plead to this indictment,guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT BRAUNE: Not guilty, in the sense of the indictment.
THE PRESIDENT: Walter Haensch.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT HAENSCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT HAENSCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT HAENSCH: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Judge Dixon will now interrogate the following defendants. Gustav Nosske.
JUDGE DIXON: Are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT NOSSKE: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT NOSSKE: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT NOSSKE: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT NOSSKE: Not guilty.
CourtII-A Case IX
JUDGE DIXON: Adolf Ott, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT OTT: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT OTT: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Have you read this indictment?
DEFENDANT OTT: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT OTT: Not guilty.
JUDGE DIXON: Eduard Strauch, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal? (DEFENDANT BEGAN EPILEPTIC ATTACK AND WAS REMOVED FROM THE DOCK)
MR. GICK: Dr. Karl Gick, Your Honor, for the Defendant Strauch. May I make a statement as defense counsel for the Defendant Strauch? I would like to inform the Tribunal that the Defendant Strauch suffers from epileptic attacks. Strauch earlier asked me to make an application to the Tribunal in order to have him examined, in order to clarify the question of whether he is fit to participate in the proceedings. Within the next few days I shall submit this application. I ask that the Defendant Strauch be removed from the proceedings for the time being and that you listen to his pleading later on.
THE PRESIDENT: In view of the very obvious condition of the Defendant Eduard Strauch, the arraignment insofar as it pertains to him will be postponed to a later date. Defense counsel will be requested to submit a motion in writing along the lines indicated by him, which will be replied to by the Prosecution in due time, and then the Tribunal will pass upon whatever is contained in the motion. Since we are considering this subject at the present time, I might like to call counsel for Otto Rasch to the podium.
application - or had - for severance. I am not aware whether that application has been reduced to writing or not.
DR. SURHOLT: Yes, this application was handed in on the 8th of September in writing. I believe there was a delay because the translation of the medical opinion was difficult for the Translation Department.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well, then. If the motion has been filed I presume the Prosecution will reply to it in due time. Are you familiar with this motion, Mr. Ferenz?
MR. FERENZ: Yes, Your Honor, I am familiar with the motion. I have not as yet received an English translation of it. As soon as we do receive the motion we will reply to it, and the Tribunal may consider it at their convenience. I would, at this time, however, like to have it part of the record that the Defendant Rasch, who was excused, was excused at his own request and the Prosecution has no objection to it; however, before he was brought here this morning I was assured by a physician that he was physically able to attend the arraignment. He was excused on his own statement and not on the advice or request of any physician.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well. The record will so indicate. We will continue with the arraignment.
JUDGE DIXON: Waldemar Klingelhoefer, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT KLINGELHOEFER: yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Was the indictment in the German, language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT KLINGELHOEFER: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT KLINGELHOEFER: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT KLINGELHOEFER: Not guilty.
JUDGE DIXON: Lothar Fendler, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT FENDLER: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Was the Indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT FENDLER: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT FENDLER: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT FENDLER: Not guilty.
JUDGE DIXON: Waldemar von Radetzky, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT YOU RADETZKY: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT VON RADETZKY: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT YOU RADETZKY: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT VON RADETZKY: Not guilty.
JUDGE DIXON: Felix Ruehl, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT RUEHL: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT RUEHL: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT RUEHL: Yes.
JUDGE DIXON: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT RUEHL: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Heinz Schubert, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT SCHUBERT: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT SCHUBERT: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT SCHUBERT: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT SCHUBERT: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Mathias Graf, are you represented by counsel before this Tribunal?
DEFENDANT GRAF: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Was the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT GRAF: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT GRAF: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT GRAF: Not guilty.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well. Does counsel for the Prosecution or any counsel for the defense have any motions to make?
MR. FERENZ: The Prosecution has no motions to make, Your Honor.
DR. SURHOLT: I have no application to make, but in respect to the words of the Prosecution in the case of Rasch I would like to point out that only for today was I willing to accede to the request of the Defendant to let him go. This does not go for the rest of the proceedings.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well. In order that defense counsel may be prepared to proceed without delay with their respective cases, they are now informed that there will be no recess of the Tribunal between the completion of the Prosecution's case and the beginning of the defense.
Opportunity has already been afforded defense counsel, I am informed, to peruse and study the documents which the Prosecution intends to present. Further opportunity will be given defense counsel to further peruse and study these documents prior to the opening of the actual trial date. Consistent with the safeguarding of every right of the defendants, as guaranteed by the Charter, the ordinances, and the laws controlling the procedure of this Tribunal, this case will proceed with dispatch. Any defense counsel who desires to call a witness or to obtain a document must not wait until he is about to call his client to the witness stand to testify. He should make his request immediately as soon as he is aware that he will need such evidence, so that whatever time is consumed in obtaining the evidence, whether it be oral or documentary, may be running while other defendants are testifying. The Tribunal does not want to be placed in the situation of idling a day or even an hour while awaiting evidence which, with a little bit of foresight and energy, could have been obtained in ample time. The trial--the taking of testimony, will begin on Monday, September 29, 1947, in Courtroom No. 2. This Court will be in recess until that time. The Tribunal will now rise.
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal will be in recess until 9:30 o'clock Monday, September 29th.
(The Tribunal adjourned at 1045, to resume session at 0930, Monday, 29 September 1947.
No. 2-A in the matter of the United States of America Nuremberg, Germany, on 22 Sept.
1947, 1445, Justice John J. Speight, presiding.
(Arraignment of Defendant Otto Rasch at Municipal Hospital Nuremberg, Germany, at 1445, hours, 22 Sept.
1947.
The following were present; Judge John J. Speight, presiding judge; A. Horlick-Hochwald, representing the Prosecution; Dr. Surholt, counsel for Defendant O. Rasch;Otto Rasch; defendant; Capt.
Jenckes, representing the Marshal, and the Secretary General's office; and Julian R.Schwab, reporter, and Mr. Lamm, court interpreter.)
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Otto Rasch.
DEFENDANT RASCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: You know that you have been indicted, and that an indictment has been filed against you for the commission of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity to the Secretary General of the Military Tribunal No. 2-A?
DEFENDANT RASCH: Yes, I know that.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Are you represented by counsel?
DEFENDANT RASCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Do you know that the first day of trial is set for Monday, September 19th, 1947?
DEFENDANT RASCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was a copy of the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT RASCH: Yes, I got it.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT RASCH: I have read it.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT RASCH: Not guilty.
No. 2-A in the matter of the United States of America Nuremberg, Germany, on 22 Sept.
1947, 1540, Justice John J. Speight, persiding.
(Arraignment of Defendant Eduard Struch in the Chambers of Judge John J. Speight, Palace of Justice, Nuremberg, Germany, 1540 hours, 22 Sept.
1947.
The following were present: Judge John J. Speight, presiding judge; A. Horlick-Hochwald, representing the Prosecution Staff;Strauch; Capt.
K.S. Jenckes, the Marshal, also representing the Secretary General's office; Julian R. Schwab, court reporter; and Mr. Lamm, court interpreter.)
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Eduard Strauch.
DEFENDANT STRAUCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Do you know that you have been indicted, and that an indictment has been filed against you for the commission of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity to the Secretary General now pending before Tribunal No. 2-A?
DEFENDANT STRAUCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Are you represented by counsel?
DEFENDANT STRAUCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Do you know that the first day for the trial is set for Monday, September 29th, 1947?
DEFENDANT STRAUCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Was a copy of the indictment in the German language served upon you at least thirty days ago?
DEFENDANT STRAUCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: Have you read the indictment?
DEFENDANT STRAUCH: Yes.
JUDGE SPEIGHT: How do you plead to this indictment, guilty or not guilty?
DEFENDANT STRAUCH: Not guilty.
litary Tribunal No. IIA in the matter of
THE MARSHAL: The Honorable, the Judges of Military Tribunal No. II-A.
Military Tribunal No. II-A is now in session. God save the United States of America and this Honorable Tribunal.
THE PRESIDENT: Military Tribunal II-A will now be in order and you will ascertain if the defendants are present.
THE MARSHAL: May it please your Honors, the Defendants Otto Rasch and Eduard Strauch are absent.
THE PRESIDENT: Because of what?
THE MARSHAL: At the request of the medical authorities, Sir.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well, Since the arraignment several days ago, Otto Rasch and Eduard Strauch have been arraigned separately because on the opening day they were too ill to respond, but that the record will show that they now have been arraigned properly, in accordance with law.
MR. FERENCZ: May it please Your Honors, it is with sorrow and with hope that we here disclose the deliberate slaughter of more than a million innocent and defenseless men, women and children. This was the tragic fulfillment of a program of intolerance and arrogance. Vengeance is not our goal, nor do we seek merely a just retribution. We ask this Court to affirm by international penal action man's right to live in peace and dignity regardless of his race or creed. The case we present is a plea of Humanity to Law.