THE MARSHAL: All persons in the court please take their seats Tribunal No. 2 is again in session.
MR. MC HANEY: May it please the Tribunal, I turn now to Book No. 7, Prosecution's Document Book No. 7, which is the first of a series of three book dealing with medical experiments carried out on concentration camp inmates. The experiments covered in the first book are the high altitude experiments and the freezing experiments carried out primarily for the benefit of the Luftwaffe in the concentration camp Dachau in the years 1942 and 1943. One of the principal experimental doctors, as the Tribunal knows, was the notorious Dr. Rascher. In the high altitude experiments he was aided and abetted by the defendants Romberg and Ruf in the medical case; in the freezing experiments by Drs. Holzloehner and Henker, two gentlemen from the medical service of the Luftwaffe, and Holzloehner committed suicide after the end of the war and Henker's whereabouts are not known. The first series of documents in this book deal with the subject of medical experiments generally and concern in some measure the part played in it by the WVHA. The first document on page 1 of the document book is Document NO-065, which will be Prosecution's Exhibit 183. This is an affidavit drawn up, I may say, by the defendant Pohl himself and it was sworn to and notarized after he brought it up from the cell. The original, if I recall correctly, is written in his own handwriting and this is the product of a rather lengthy interrogation in which a number of documents were exhibited to defendant Pohl. In this rather interesting affidavit he admits knowledge of the malaria experiments carried out by Dr. Schilling, who was a defendant in the Dachau Concentration Camp case and who was convicted, sentenced to death, and executed for carrying out those malaria experiments. They also were conducted in Dachau and extended approximately from the first of 1942 until the camp fell, or at least in the early months of 1945, one of the most extensive serial experiments carried out in any of the camps.
THE PRESIDENT: Where was Dr. Schilling tried?
MR. MC HANEY: In Dachau, Your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: By a military court?
MR. MC HANEY: By a military commission, yes.
The second experiment which the defendant Pohl admits having known about and even having observed is the high altitude experiments of Dr. Rascher. I don't believe that he specifically mentions the freezing experiments of Rascher, but we shall see from other documents that he also knew of those. Well, yes, he does. Inferentially, he does, as "Neither did I select the prostitutes for his cooling experiments. They probably came from Ravensbrueck."
That is in paragraph 2 of the affidavit.
The third series of experiments which the defendant Pohl admits knowledge of were those mentioned in paragraph 3 under the name Klauber. Pohl says he met Klauber in Auschwitz. Apparently Pohl was -- Yes, he says Klauber was working on sterilization. As we shall see at a later point in document book 9, there were at least three different types of sterilization experiments carried out in the concentration camps. One was the so-called medicinal sterilization, which we shall see Phol was personally interested in. That was supposed to be very desirable because they could sterilize people without their knowledge about it.
Another course was, of course, the operational sterilization, castration.
Another method was sterilization by x-rays, which, I am informed, any schoolboy could know would not produce permanent sterilization without at the same time producing very bad x-ray burns.
The third type of sterilization is the type carried out by Dr. Klauber in Auschwitz and also, I think, in Ravens brueck, which was concerned with the sterilization of women, and it was accomplished by the injection of an irritating solution into the uterus.
The next series of experiments that the defendant Pohl admits knowledge of are mentioned in paragraph 4 of this affidavit on page 2 of the document book under the name of Siever (Ahnenerbe). Here he states that the Deutsche Heilmittel, which was one of the "W" Industries - that is, it was a pharmaceutical laboratory controlled by Amtsgruppe W - manufactured this blood coagulant known as Polygal. Polygal was another of the marvellous discoveries by Dr. Rascher, and it was hoped that the use of this blood coagulent would save soldiers who were shot and were seriously bleeding. They would be able to take the little tablet orally and that would stop the bleeding, and, as Pohl states in paragraph 4, "It was the result of experiments in Dachau during which a prisoner was fired upon." In other words, to test the drug, they proceeded to shoot the inmate to see if the previously administered coagulant would in fact stop the flow of blood. The defendant Gebhardt testified to the same effect in the medical case.
The fifth group of experiments that the defendant Pohl mentioned in this affidavit are those carried out by one Hassmeyer in Hohenlychen, and he states that they were concerned with TB. The Prosecution is not concerned particularly with this experiment. As I recall, however, the defendant Gebhardt stated that Hassmeyer engaged in bone transplantation experiments also at Ravensbrueck, which was the concentration camp located in the proximity of Hohenlychen, of which the defendant Gebhardt in the medical case was the chief doctor.
The sixth series of experiments again go back to steriliz zation.
DR. SEIDL: I object to the conclusion which has just been voiced by the Prosecution from the affidavit, as far as it is concerned with the person of Dr. Hassmeyer. It is not correct that the defendant Gebhardt in the case before Tribunal Number 1 admitted that Hassmeyer was making experiments in Ravensbrueck. That is obviously an error. This doctor was not Dr. Hassmeyer but Dr. Stumpfegger.
MR. MC HANEY: I withdraw my remarks. In any event, we are not concerned with any experiments of Dr. Hassmeyer. I had a vague recollection that he was mentioned in the medical case, and I thought in connection with Gebhardt, but I am probably incorrect.
In paragraph 6 Pohl admits knowledge of the sterilization experiments which used medicinal methods, and he talked of Madaus, which is a concern that manufactured drugs. We shall see more about that in document book number nine.
The last experiment which he here mentions is under paragraph number 7, where it says Lose, L-O-S-E, which is an obvious typographical error. It should be "Lost". Lost is a type of poison gas commonly known as mustard gas, and experiments were carried out by several different parties on concentration camp inmates to try to determine the most effective way of treating wounds caused by Lost gas. The ones that we will be particularly interested in here were those carried out by Dr. Hirt in the concentration camp Natzweiler.
Natzweiler was a concentration camp located near Strassbourg in France, and Dr. Hirt was a professor at Strassbourg.
I pass now to document NO 407, which will be Prosecution Exhibit 184. This, again, is an affidavit by the defendant Pohl in which he outlines the method of selecting experimental subjects and how he came to have knowledge of these matters.
I quoted one paragraph from this affidavit in my opening statement, and while I am sure that the Tribunal will find it interesting, I shall not read it here.
The next document is NO 444, page 7, which will be Prosecution Exhibit 185.
DR. SEIDL: I object to the offer of this document, NO 444. It is concerned with an affidavit of the defendant Rudolf Brandt, against whom a case is presently running in Military Tribunal Number I. This affidavit is one of a number of affidavits which are contained in this document book, and I assume that the Prosecution has more affidavits of this defendant to be submitted.
I object for the reason that the defendant Rudolf Brandt in the case against him before Tribunal Number I contradicted all his affidavits. Before Tribunal Number I he stated under oath that all these affidavits had been presented to him by the Prosecution, and he said furthermore that at that time he was in a state of health which did not allow him to recognize the importance of these affidavits and he declared that he was not in a position to maintain these affidavits. Then in the course of his interrogation he withdrew declarations and admitted that in all these affidavits we were concerned with were conclusions which the Prosecution obtained from documents which had been submitted in the course of the case of these twenty-three doctors.
With reference to these affidavits of Rudolf Brandt, the witness is available for direct examination. I do not think it is admissible to offer at this point an affidavit before this Tribunal, when the Prosecution has the opportunity at any time to bring this witness before the Tribunal.
DR. BERGOLD: May it please the Tribunal, I should like to join in the application of my colleague Seidl. You will recall that in the case of Milch, before this same Tribunal, this witness has also been presented in the dock by me, and at that time he withdrew his affidavit against Milch. Now, I am of the opinion that such affidavits which have already been submitted in other cases and have been the subject of evidence and from which conclusions have been drawn that they are not correct should not again be offered here without limitation, and if they are submitted, then only in connection with the evidence from other Tribunals, where the limitations are contained. Then perhaps we could discuss the point that these affidavits should be offered, but without the evidence of the witness which is contained in the record, I do not think that their submission here is correct.
THE PRESIDENT: The Witness Rudolf Brandt is available. He is alive and his whereabouts is well known. If the Defense wish to bring him as a witness before this Court to repudiate this affidavit they may do that. They may bring his testimony as given before Tribunal One to repudiate this affidavit or they may get new affidavits from his which contradict this one. I think this affidavit is admissible on its face. Just because it has been disputed in another tribunal does not mean it is not admissible here. Full opportunity will be given to deny the allegations in this affidavit if desired.
MR. McHANEY: Document No. NO-444 then is Prosecution Exhibit 185. It repeats in substance what is stated in the affidavit of Pohl concerning the manner of selecting prisoners, and so I shall not read from it here.
Document L-7 on Page 10 will be Prosecution Exhibit 186. This is an order passed down by the Chief of Amt D-2 who was Maurer. It is dated 4 December 1942 and concerns the assignment of prisoners to the camp doctor for experimental purposes and states that on the daily roster they are to be listed as prisoners for experimental purposes and attendants for experimental purposes. This simply shows the knowledge of all of Amtsgruppe D in participation in the assignment of experimental inmates at the concentration camp.
JUDGE PHILLIPS: Whose knowledge did you say?
MR. McHANEY: Most of Amtsgruppe D, and of course specifically this comes from Amt D-2.
I turn now to Document NO-436 which will be Prosecution Exhibit 187. This is a letter from the Defendant Pohl dated 21 May 1943. It is addressed to SS-Oberfuehrer Deuschl, Doctor of Medicine. In this letter Pohl is concerned with obtaining a position for Dr. Deuschl on his staff and he states that in the second line or third line, "The Reichsfuehrer-SS himself is of the opinion that perhaps you could supervise the experiments desired and ordered by him which we carry out in our concentration camps. It is a question of the most varied experiments which are going on not only in Dachau, whereto the Reichsfuehrer-SS suggests transferring you, but also in our other concentration camps.
At the present time, about eight or ten series of experiments are being carried out."
Document NO-919 on Page 13 will be Prosecution Exhibit 188. This is a letter by the Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler concerning the necessary approval before medical experiments could be carried out on concentration camp inmates. Prior to 15 May, 1944 things apparently had been handled in a somewhat haphazard manner, and in this letter Himmler directs that all experiments must first be passed on by Dr. Grawitz who was Reichsarzt-SS or Reich Physician SS. Grawitz was to obtain the critical opinion of the Chief Surgeon, the Oberster Kliniker, who was the Defendant Gebhardt in the medical case, also the opinion of Gruppenfuehrer Nebe, who, as I recall, was Chief of the Kripo or Criminal Police, and Gluecks who was chief of Amtsgruppe D, and Gruppenfuehrer and a subordinate of the Defendant Pohl. Thus is was before any experiments be carried out Gluecks had to be informed.
Turning now to Document 1751-PS on Page 14, that will be Prosecution Exhibit 189. This is dated three days prior to the previous exhibit, the order from Himmler, and is a circular order from Gluecks, Chief of Amtsgruppe D to a substation number of concentration camps, and it states that before any assignment of prisoners for experimental purposes could be made that the matter would have to be called to the attention of the WVHA.
Turn now to Page 15, Document NO-476, which will be Prosecution Exhibit 190. This is the first document concerning the high-altitude experiments with which this Tribunal is rather familiar. This is an affidavit from Dr. Romberg, one of the defendants in the medical case, who worked with Rascher in Dachau during the high-altitude experiments. As the Tribunal will recall he admitted having witnessed the death of three experimental subjects and also states that he knew that between five and ten others were also killed. I would also call the Tribunal's attention to Paragraphs 7 and 8 of the affidavit on Page 17 wherein no itemizes certain photographs made during the course of the highaltitude experiments which serve as the identification for the next document, Document NO-610, which will be prosecution Exhibit 191, and this is a series of photographs made during the course of high-altitude experiments showing among other things the autopsy performed on one of the experimental subjects who was unfortunate enough to have been killed.
Document NO-191 will be Prosecution Exhibit 192. This is another affidavit of Rudolf Brandt in which he outlines the high-altitude experiments, how the orders were passed down and what transpired.
Document 1971-A-PS on Page 23 will be Prosecution Exhibit 193, and this is an interim report dated April 8, 1942, from Dr. Rascher to his highly esteemed Reichsfuehrer enclosing a report which again shows that death occurred during the course of these experiments, and incidentally of course, shows that the deaths which did occur were not accidental at all but were probably brought on. As he states on the first page, that is Page 24 of the English document book in the fourth paragraph, last line, "The extreme, fatal experiments will be carried out on specially selected VPs," that means tester persons, "otherwise it would not be possible to exercise the rigid control so extraordinarily important for practical purposes." This mania for having control groups runs all through these experiments. There was always an unfortunate percentage of the experimental subjects, normally ranging about twenty-five percent, who were forced to undergo the particular experiment without any protective vaccine or whatever it may have been. That was the group which they found necessary in order to measure the effectiveness of the protective vaccine which they may have been testing.
The next document is 1971-b-PS on Page 26 which will be Prosecution Exhibit 194. This is a reply by Himmler to Rascher after having received the interim report which was introduced as Prosecution Exhibit 193, and the Tribunal will recall that Rascher had reported on a rather novel experiment in which there was a long beating of the heart after the tested person was apparently dead, and Rascher found this quite curious and interesting, and so also did Himmler, because in Paragraph 3 of this letter, Prosecution Exhibit 194, he says:
"Considering the long continued action of the heart the experiments should be specifically exploited in such a manner as to determine whether these men could be recalled to life. Should such an experiment succeed, then, of course, the person condemned to death shall be pardoned to concentration camp for life."
This letter has given rise to the curious assumption that if somebody survived one of these experiments, that is a person who had been previously condemned to death then he was somehow commuted to life imprisonment. The Prosecution has consistently interpreted this paragraph to mean that if a person were subjected to the type of experiment which Rascher described in his interim report and after having been apparently killed and his long continued heart action somehow permitted a revival of the man then he could be pardoned, a sort of procedure as I described there in Case No. 1 of hanging the defendant and having the rope break, then you don't hang him again, you use the King's mercy and don't subject him to death twice. I think that is probably a reasonably accurate interpretation of Himmler's benevolence as set forth in this letter. I call the Tribunal's attention specifically to the fact that Brigadefuehrer Cluecks, Chief of Amtsgruppe D and a subordinate of the Defendant Pohl, received a copy of this letter.
Document 1971-c-PS on Page 27 will be Prosecution Exhibit 195.
THE PRESIDENT: Did you say that Defendant Pohl got a copy of this letter?
MR. McHANEY: No, sir; I said that Brigadefuhrer Gluecks, Chief of Amtsgruppe D, that is recipient No. 3, he was a subordinate of the Defendant Pohl and was chief of what you see here as Amtsgruppe D.
I think his name appears on our big chart. Amtsgruppe D is the fourth one down of the orange-colored blocks.
THE PRESIDENT: I see.
MR. McHANEY: Amtsgruppe D was the organization of the WVHA which had direct control over the concentration camp, that is the administrative control over that. For that reason you will find mention made more often of the names of Maurer, Gluecks and Lolling and other people in the WVHA who were members of Amtsgruppe D, one or the other of those offices.
Document 1971-c-PS on Page 27 is Prosecution Exhibit 195.
And here Rascher, as the Tribunal will recall, sends a teletype to Rudolph Brandt, asking him if the Poles and Russians used in these experiments who had been condemned to death should be pardoned if they lived through their very severe experiences, as ho described it.
And on page 28, Document 1971-d-PS, which will be Prosecution Exhibit 196, is a similar teletype, from Schnitzler who, as I recall, was the -- I am not sure whether he was the concentration camp commander at Dachau or the local representative of the Reichs-sturm SS in Munich. They had a local administrative office in Munich. I am not sure whether Schnitzler was in that office or was camp commander at Dachau. In any event, Brandt -- I am sorry. This is a teletype from Brandt to Schnitzler telling Schnitzler to inform Rascher that the amnesty did not apply to Poles and Russians.
Document 1581-b-PS will be Prosecution Exhibit 197. That is on page 29, a letter from Nini Rascher to Rudolf Brandt asking if permission can be given to take colored pictures of the autopsies of persons who had died during the experiments.
Document 1581-c-PS, on page 30, will be Prosecution Exhibit 198. This is a telegram from Rudolf Brandt to Gluecks, chief of Amtsgruppe D, saying that the Reichsfuehrer SS has granted permission for the making of colored photographs by Dr. Rascher, and will he please take steps accordingly.
Document NO-218, on page 31, will be prosecution Exhibit 199. This is a letter from Rascher to Himmler reporting on further experiments, in which he discloses that he had repeated the interesting experiments where the person apparently continued to live after having been killed four times, that is, four additional experiments were carried out, all of which resulted in death.
Document NO-220-a, on page 32, will be Prosecution's Exhibit 200. This is another letter from Rascher to Himmler, stating that he is forwarding a report again on the experiments, which is not available, and mentioning the pathological preparations which are being carried out by the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.
Those, of course, are examinations being made on persons killed during the course of the experiments.
Document NO-032, on page 33, will be Prosecution Exhibit 201. This is a series of three or four documents dealing with the support of the WVHA of the Ahnenerbe Institute, which I am sure is familiar to the Tribunal. The Ahnenerbe was the organization which originally was concerned with research into matters of heredity, heraldry, racial background and things of that kind. The Defendant Sievers could undoubtedly talk for a week about what this organization did, but the particular thing we are interested in is that in 1942 they established within the Ahnenerbe an Institute for Military Scientific Research, and that institute played a very prominent part in substantially all the medical experiments carried out on concentration camp inmates. And the document now to go in shows that this institute was supported out of funds furnished by the WVHA.
The first letter is dated 10 July 1941. That is NO-032, and will be Prosecution Exhibit 201. And this was at a time prior to the formation of the Institute for Military Scientific Research. It is a letter from Brandt to SS Gruppenfuehrer Berger, who was chief of the SS Central Office, or SS Haupt. Amt. And it deals with a variety of subjects. But paragraph 1 is the one I would like to call to the attention of the Tribunal. It reads:
"SS-Gruppenfuehrer Pohl, together with SS-Standartenfuehrer Wuest, is to see the Reich Treasurer somewhere in the near future to make him acquainted with some more details concerning the 'Ahnenerbe.' It would be very appropriate if you would instruct SS-Gruppenfuehrer Pohl adequately, or if you would, either alone or together with SS-Standartenfuehrer Wuest, see the Reich Treasurer."
This indicates that even prior to the formation of the Institute for Military Scientific Research Pohl was familiar with the Ahnenerbe and was obtaining funds in support of it.
The next document is NO-422, on page 35, and it will be Prosecution Exhibit 202.
This is the order from Himmler, dated 7 July 1942, which orders the establishment of the Institute for Military Scientific Research. It is directed to Sievers and it reads:
"I request the Ahnenerbe 1. to establish an Institute for Military Scientific Research; 2. to support in every possible way the research carried out by SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Prof. Dr. Hirt and to promote all corresponding research and undertakings; 3. to make available the required apparatus, equipment, accessories and assistants, or to procure them; 4. to make use of the facilities available in Dachau; 5. to contact the Chief of the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office with regard to the costs which can be borne by the Waffen-SS."
Copy mailed to the Chief of the Economic and Administrative Main Office, SS Obergruppenfuehrer Pohl.
The name Hirt will occur again in a subsequent document book, as I stated before. He is the man who among other things carried out the poison gas experiments. He was also distinguished for his part in the Jewish skeleton collection.
Document NO-920, page 36, will be Prosecution Exhibit 203. This is a file note concerning the financing of the Institute for Military Scientific Research, dated 22 July 1942, and states that the Institute will be financed by the Waffen SS. The second paragraph reads:
"This decision has been forwarded to the Administrative and Economic Main Office. SS-Brigadefuehrer Loerner, Chief of Amtsgruppe B, of the Administrative and Economic Main Office is in charge of financial matters."
JUDGE PHILLIPS: Which Learner is that?
MR. McHANEY: That is George, your Honor. Defense Counsel for George feels that the writer of that note made a grievous mistake in mentioning George's name here. George was the Chief of Amtsgruppe B, which was primarily concerned with supply problems at that time at least for the Waffen SS, and I don't think Loerner's attorney feels that it really should be Hans Loerner, because he was in the Admini strative Office, which was Amtsgruppe A. Of course -
THE PRESIDENT: How does Hans' attorney feel about it?
MR. McHANEY: Unless he is the same man. Because we also have a similar note which mentions Hans' name.
THE PRESIDENT: Who wrote this letter, Mr. McHaney?
MR. McHANEY: If I had the original exhibit I might be able to tell. (A short pause.)
I'm sorry, your Honor, but I honestly don't know. As a matter of fact, it cannot be seen from the document itself from which office it originated. If I knew that, I might be able to make a guess, but the answer to that I just don't know.
JUDGE MUSMANNO: Probably someone in Himmler's office.
MR. McHANEY: It would appear so. It follows closely on the order of July 7th ordering the establishment. This note is dated 22 July 1942.
This note is dated 22 July 1942. The next document on page 37 is NO-266 which would be Prosecution Exhibit 204, and this is dated 29 October 1942, and this one brings in Georg's brother, Hans Loerner. It is a letter addressed to the personal staff of the Reichsfuehrer SS of which Rudolf Brandt was a member, and refers back to the order of the Reichsfuehrer inferring the establishment of the Institute for Scientific Military Research, and it reads in the second paragraph that "As far as expenses for the Institute are to be met, they are to be disbursed out of funds of the Waffen-SS by the cashier of the personal staff, as follows:"
Then he gives the two accounts signed by The Chief of the Budget Office, Loernor, SS-Standartenfuehrer. That is Office S-1 of Amtsgruppe A, the first line of offices at the tap--Office A-1, that is the one on the left-hand side here. And I think that shows that Hans Loerner who is chief of that office. We also find the same file mark, the dictation mark, up at the top of the document under the letterhead where it says "A I, Loerner."
On page 38 we have another affidavit from Rudolf Brandt, document NO-242, the Prosecution Exhibit 205. This is a reasonably complete outline of the freezing experiments. I would only call the Tribunal's attention to paragraph 12 on page 40, where it says that "Himmler wrote to SS-Obergruppenfuehrer Oswald Pohl, Chief of the WVHA, regarding his visit to Dachau in November 1942, at which time he had observed the freezing experiments. He informed Pohl that he had ordered the suitable women be set aside for the purpose of warming-up the experimental subjects."
Incidentally, I might observe at this point that after the Institute for Scientific Military Research was established withing the Ahnenerbe, that Rascher was one of the first gentlemen to be taken into the society, and he headed what was known as Department "R" within the Institute for Military Scientific Research.
Department "R"--being Department Rascher. Hert also was a member being the head of Department "H". And I think that one or two of the documents later on will perhaps clarify that notation on the letterhead indicating that he was a member of it.
The next document on page 44 is document 1618-PS, Prosecution Exhibit 206. This is an interim report of the freezing experiments which were begun on the 15th of August 1942. And here he outlines very briefly how the experiments were carried out and states that certain of the experimental subjects died as a result of the experiments.
THE PRESIDENT: Is there any way to tell to whom this letter is addressed?
MR. MC HANEY: If the Tribunal pleases, I am quite sure that it was sent to Himmler. I do not think the cover letter is in here, but I have a vague recollection that I have seen it somewhere in which reference is made to this interim report. Perhaps it is in a later letter which refers to it.
THE PRESIDENT: We had the same letter in the Milch case in which it was conceded that it was sent to Himmler. I wanted the same concession on this record.
MR. MC HANEY: Well, I would not urge that it's been sent to Pohl. I think it undoubtedly was sent to Himmler. I am prepared to concede that. On page 47, we have document NO-285 which will be Prosecution Exhibit 207, a letter from Rascher to Rudolf Brandt, I think. And here he states that the experiments have been completed except those to test the effectiveness of using body warmth in re-warming the experimental subject. On page 48, document 1619-PS, Prosecution Exhibit 208, this is a telegram to Rudolf Brandt stating that the commander of the Dachau concentration camp asks that Gluecks' Chief of Amtsgruppe D, of the WVHA, be instructed to send from Ravensbruck to Dachau four warm women to be used in the freezing experiments. On the next page, 1619-PS; that is part of the same document, Your Honors; also Exhibit 208 is a teletype from Meine, who was in the personal staff of the Reichsfuehrer SS, and subordinated, I think, to the defendant Rudolf Brandt in the Medical Case to Gluecks, instructing him to have--or, asking him to have--four women sent down to Dachau.
On page 50, Document NO-428, we have the report on the cooling experiments carried out by Rascher, Loerner and Finke. This report covers the experiments prior to--about the middle of October, 1942, as I recall. Subsequent to that time, I think it is true that Dr. Holzloerner and Dr. Finke no longer worked with Rascher. In other words, they completed a certain series of experiments roughly at a time before the meeting in Nurnberg on freezing problems by the Luftwaffe. This is a very long report which I am sure the Tribunal is familiar with. It shows in one of the appendices that, as I recall, seven persons were admittedly killed during the course of the experiments. I am not sure I offered this. This is prosecution Exhibit 209. On page 101, document NO-323, will be Prosecution Exhibit 210. This is a memo from Rascher; undoubtedly reached the hands of Himmler although it does not appear on the memo itself, dated 5 November '42, and, as the Tribunal will recall, he was outraged by the fact that a young girl with obvious Nordic characteristics was sent down to him from Ravensbruck to be used to re-warm the persons who were frozen in these experiments, and he refused to use here for that purpose. He also made the remark, or reported, that this girl had stated that she had volunteered for the brothel because she felt that it was better to spend a half-year in the brothel than in the concentration camp; and that he had promised to release her if she did volunteer for the brothel. This upset Himmler quite a lot, as we see from the following document, which is 1583-PS, page 102.
That will be Prosecution Exhibit 211, which is a letter from Himmler, dated 16 November 1942, sent to Obergruppenfuehrer Pohl. The translation, if the Tribunal please, says "Dear OHL," O-H-L. It should read "Dear POHL." In this letter Himmler passes on the comment by Rascher and describes the SS-man who promised the woman that she would be released if she volunteered for the brothel as being a madman, and exerted Pohl to make an investigation of the women in concentration camps, and see that such things did not occur. I also call the Tribunal's attention to the fact that Pohl is very clearly put on record in the first paragraph as to what was going on down in Dachau, in the freezing experiments.
On page 104, Prosecution Exhibit 212; this is a letter from Rudolf Brandt to the defendant Pohl, dated 20 November 1942, and it might be worthwhile reading it. It is quite short.
"Dear Obergruppenfuehrer, The Reichsfuehrer SS requests that SSHauptsturmfuehrer Dr. Rascher whose transfer from the Luftwaffe to the SS is worked on right now, is to be assisted as much as possible in his experimentation at Dachau."
"Rascher suggested to the Reichsfuehrer SS to adjust the heating pads in both pockets of the great coats, then one pad between the trouser band and the waist-bandage, and during severe cold, to put one pad in each hollor of the knee of soldiers detailed for guard duties to keep the great blood-vessels warm, and then above all, to put socks filled with heating material between the sole of the leather boots and the sole of the felt boot to prevent the foot from freezing when getting wet."
"Will you please give orders that the clothing plant in Dachau assist SS-Hauptsturmfuehrer Dr. Rascher by producing the necessary experimental clothing."
"Heil Hitler ... signed. Brandt."
Now the Tribunal will recall -- and will see from subsequent documents -- that Rascher also carried out what he called "dry-cold" experiments to distinguish from "wet cold" experiments in water.
Dry-Cold -- they had the people standing outdoors for extended periods of time, and in freezing weather, and this suggestion here comes from a report which Rascher wrote on the cry-cold experiments, and methods of preventing freezing on persons who were subjected to severe cold. I call the Tribunal's attention to the last paragraph where he says to Pohl: "Will you please give orders that the clothing plant in Dachau assist ... Rascher by producing the necessary experimental clothing."
That clothing plant was under the direction of the WVHA, and, more specifically, was subordinated to the defendant Georg Loerner, which can be seen from the documents introduced in document book II. That was document NO-053 and was Prosecution's Exhibit 43. The Tribunal may not care to turn back to it. It is that chart of Amtsgruppe B, to which some objection, I think, was raised; and shows the table of organization of Amtsgruppe B, under Georg Loerner. And, under that, it has Clothing Factory of the Waffen-SS, Dachau; SS-Sturmbannfuehrer Krug. Prosecution submits that it was the clothing factory under Georg Loerner which was ordered to prove the experimental clothing to be used in the freezing experiments.
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal will recess until tomorrow morning at 9:30.
THE MARSHAL: This Tribunal is in recess until 0930 tomorrow morning.
(The Tribunal adjourned until 11 April 1947, at 0930 hours.)