We knew also, for certain, that the Germans would try not to let any witness who knew about the operations get out of the camp alive.
Q. Well, witness, were you girls able to avoid detection because of the great confusion in the camp in the last days of the war?
A. Yes, that is what I wanted to say.
Q. Now, were you ever promised freedom if you agreed to undergo this operation?
A. Never, no.
Q. Did you say at any time that you would prefer to be shot instead of operated on?
A. Yes.
Q. Now, you mentioned that six of these women who were operated on experimentally were shot. Are you telling the Tribunal that these six persons were killed in addition to the five who died as a result of the operation?
A. Yes.
Q. Have you had certain pictures taken of you since you came to Nurnberg?
A. Yes.
MR. McHANEY: I am handing to the witness for identification seven pictures marked "NO-1080, A through G."
(Documents were submitted to the witness)
Q. Are those all pictures taken of you here in Nurnberg?
A. Yes.
MR. McHANEY: The Prosecution offers document No-1080, A through G, as Prosecution Exhibit 219, A through G.
Q. Now, witness, will you please remove your stocking and shoe from the leg on which the operation was performed? Now, will you stand up and step out to the side, and will you turn around slowly? Will you turn around again please? (The witness complied)
MR. McHANEY: You may sit down now.
Q. Witness, have you undergone any operational treatment since you left the Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp?
A. Yes, I underwent an operation in Warsaw.
Q. And what was the nature of that operation?
A. This operation was performed by Professor Gruzak.
Q. And what did he do?
A. The operation consisted of transplantation of a tendon which would hold the falling foot.
Q. Was this operation successful?
A. This operation did not succeed. There was some infection in my leg that caused the tendon to fall out.
MR. McHANEY: I have no further question at this time, Your Honors.
THE PRESIDENT: Have counsel for the defendants any cross-examination of this witness?
(No response)
MR. McHANEY: We can call Dr. Alexander to the stand now, and I think perhaps he can make a start on his report.
THE PRESIDENT: Very well.
DR. LEO ALEXANDER, a witness, having been previously sworn, took the stand and testified as follows.
MR. McHANEY: I will ask that the record show that Dr. Alexander is still under oath and is the same Dr. Alexander who has testified earlier today.
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal reminds the witness Dr. Alexander that he is still under oath.
DR. ALEXANDER: Yes, sir.
DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR MC HANEY:
Q. Dr. Alexander, have you made an examination of the witness now on the stand; that is to say, Miss Kusmierczuk?
A. I have.
Q. And was an X-ray made, under your direction, of the leg of this witness?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And is that the X-ray which you now have in your hand, namely, document NO-1095?
A. Yes, sir, it is.
MR.McHANEY: I submit document NO-1095 as Prosecution Exhibit 220.
Q. Now, doctor, will you proceed to give a report on your examination of this woman?
A. This patient's right leg is disfigured bu a deeply scarred excavation (indicating), the bottom of which is the lateral aspect of the tibial bone (indicating) -- this is hard tibial bone-- from which the entire peroneal and anterior tibial muscle groups have been peeled off or sloughed off.
If you look at the other leg, (indicating), what you see here is the tibial and peroneal muscle, antetibial and antepersoneal muscle group. From this side (indicating), one cannot feel the bone directly; on this side -(to the witness), will you turn around -- there you see the bone is completely denuded. All this is hard bone surface, covered by skin only. This (indicating), is the bone directly, fibular as well as tibial. You can feel both bones. This is the fibular bone and this is the tibial. You cannot normally feel these bone here (indicating), because they are covered by muscle. The muscle has been peeled off, leaving the bone at the botton of the cavity.
The lateral soleus muscle is likewise destroyed. That is this muscle hero (indicating), which gives this very curious sharp drop from the calf. As you see, if you look at it in this way, you see here the lateral soleus muscle, which gives the calf its graceful curve. Here is the medial and here is the lateral. The lateral gives this lateral, graceful, normal curve. Here (indicating) you see the curve is sharply interrupted by this angle, due to the fact that the lateral soleus muscle is gone as a. whole.
The muscles of the upper calf, apart from the lateral soleus, are preserve The upper calf here is preserved. This mutilating scar begins two inches below the lateral epicondyle-- here (indicating) -- and extends downward to the lateral malleolar region, including the dorsum of the right foot, until here (indicating).At its upper end, the scar is half an inch wide.
In the middle of the leg the scarred area measures two and three quarter inches in width. Here (indicating). This is two and three-quarter inches. In the lower half of the scar the skin is directly concrescent with the periosteym of the lateral surface of the tibial and fibular bones. This is bone (indicating).
Now, the neurological, examination.
(to the witness): Will you please try to do this?
(demonstrating).
(The witness complied).
The patient is unable to dorsiflex the foot, which means to elevate the foot upward.
(To the witness): Try to do it on the other side, if you will.
(The witness complied)
Try do do it with the other leg, if you will. Just show that you understand this. Like this. (demonstrating).
(The witness complied).
Now try to do it here (indicating).
Dorsiflexion is completely gone. The big toe cannot be dorsiflexed either.
(To the interpreter): Will you try to tell her to dorsiflex the big toe, to pull the big toe up?
(The interpreter complied).
You notice this indicates that among the muscles of the peroneal and anterior group, the extensor hallucis longus is likewise missing; that is, the extensor muscle of the big toe. The small toes can be somewhat dorsiflexed and spread.
(To the witness): Try to wiggle the small toes, if you will.
(The witness complied).
You notice that the residual dorsiflexion of the small toes of the right foot involves only the end phalanges--that means the tips only--indicating that this residual motion is entirely carried out by the small muscles of the foot, and that the extensor digitorum longus is likewise missing. All these disturbances reveal themselves in the gait of the patient.
(To the witness): Will you please walk a little bit?
(The witness complied).
You will notice again that during gait the right leg is not elevated, but remains glued to the ground, as it were.
(To the witness): Will you please do it again? Thank you.
(The witness complied).
It remains glued to the ground. It is somewhat better with shoes on, where some support is given.
Knee jerks are active and equal; right ankle jerk is present but diminished.
The knee jerk is here (indicating); the ankle jerk is very lively here. There is a little bit of it, indicating that the gastrocnemius tendon is still there and the muscle barely functioning.
The scar itself and a small area one and a half inches wide laterally adjacent to its middle part--here (indicating), the scar itself is in this area here--are anesthetic for touch and pain. However, the patient describes painful paresthesias in the anesthetic part laterally adjacent to the middle third of the scar. Here, apparently, there may be a small neuroma probably growing there from some of the remnants of nerve tissue.
The entire dorsum of the right foot shows hypesthesia for pain.
The dorsum of the right foot, the scar itself and the small area laterally adjacent to its middle third are anesthetic to fine touch but feel coarse touch. The vibration sense over the lateral malleolus is diminished. That of the medial malleolus is preserved. As demonstrated before, gait is disturbed by inability to dorsiflex the right foot.
Q Doctor, can you briefly give us your findings with respect to the x-ray picture?
A Yes sir. There are three groups of findings. First of all, marked "A" on the x-rays there is a bone defect, semi-circular in shape, involving the lateral part of the tibia, 1.2 centimeters in diameter, located at the lateral aspect of the tibia 4½ centimeters above the ankle joint. This cavity is consistent with an infective process with a cavity resulting either from an absorbed or removed sequester, or from removal of part of bone with subsequent infection, surrounded by sclerosis of the bone; immediately proximal to this defect, marked "B" in the x-ray photographs, is a bony bridge between the fibula and tibia. This entire picture is characteristic of previous osteomyelitis.
Furthermore, the distal half of the entire fibular shaft over a stretch indicated by "C" on the photograph, the fibular shaft is thickened with marked thickening of the periosteum, indicating r pair following osteomyelitis I repeat, here is the osteomyelitis of the fibula (indicating). Here is the bone defect (indicating), the cystic defect resulting probably from the removal of sequester or probably removal of part of bone with subsequent infection; above it, marked "A", the hole in the bone which is about here roughly (indicating), and above it the concrescence between fibula and tibia, to compensate for the weakening of support below, or just simply concrescence due to the infectious pusses, production of the periosteum, inflamed periosteum which, in a stage of repair, will lay down new bone between; of course, abnormal bone.
Q. Doctor, finally can you give us your opinion as to the purpose of the operation which this woman was subjected to?
A. The completeness with which muscles have sloughed off indicates that this probably was an experiment with gas bacillus, with one of the gas bacillus.
variety or oedema malignum variety, and again this patient did not mention any powder that was used in conjunction whit the original inoculation. This patient did mention the formation of blisters which make it likely that this was a case of oedema malignum experiment, a gas bacillus experiment, and that probably streptococci did not play a role, at least in the acute stage. The sharp demarcation to individual muscle groups and the completeness of their destruction is more typical of the activity of the anaerobes. The anaerobes is the group to which gas bacilli belong.
MR. MCHANEY: I have no further questions, your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: Do counsel for the defendants have any questions to propound to the witness, Dr. Alexander, on cross examination?
(No response).
THE PRESIDENT: Apparently there are none. Is counsel for the prosecution finished with the witness/
MR. MCHANEY: He may be excused as far as the prosecution is concerned, your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: The witness may be excused and the Polish witness is also excused. I think counsel for both parties understand that some time ago the Tribunal announced that it would, tomorrow at 12:30 o'clock, adjourn until the morning of Thursday, January 2. I suppose you can use the morning, Mr. McHaney, in reading records from the book?
MR. MCHANEY: Yes indeed, sir.
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal will now recess until 9:30 o'clock tomorrow morning.
(The Tribunal adjourned until 21 December 1946 at 0930 hours.)
Official transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of the United States of America, against Karl Brandt, et al., defendants, sitting at Nurnberg, Germany, on 21 December, 1946, 0230-1230, Justice Beals, presiding.
THE MARSHAL: The Honorable Judges of Military Tribunal 1.
Military Tribunal 1 is now in session.
God save the United States of America and this Honorable Tribunal.
There will be order in the courtroom.
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Marshal, ascertain if the defendants are all present.
THE MARSHAL: May it please Your Honor, all defendants are present in the courtroom.
THE PRESIDENT: Secretary-General, note that fact for the record, the defendants are all present in the court.
The prosecution ray proceed.
MR. HARDY: May it please Your Honor, at this time I shall introduce Document Number NO-065 which had been admitted previously pending securing of the jurat on the Pohl affidavit. I will pass the original document up to y u so that you may see the jurat that we have obtained.
(The document was handed to the Judge.)
If that is satisfactory Your Honor, I wish as this time to offer that as Prosecution Exhibit No. 221. That has not been given a prosecution number prior to this time.
THE PRESIDENT: The jurat appears to be in order. The document will be admitted in evidence.
MR. HARDY: Also at this tine, Your Honor, in connection with the Dachau report by the United States Army Investigating Team, I introduced in connection with the malaria experiments, testimony of one Marion Dabrowski. In accordance with the ruling of the Tribunal I have had John A. Ray, the General Secretary of IMT, certify this extract if that report to be true and correct. I wish to pass that up f r your Honer's perusal.
(Document handed to Judge.)
If that document meets with your Honor's requirements, at this time I should like to offer it as Prosecution Exhibit No. 222.
THE PRESIDENT: The certificate appears to be in order. The document may be admitted.
MR. McHANEY: If the Tribunal please, Your Honors will recall that several weeks ago, in the early stages of the trial, we attempted to introduce a deposition by Father Leo Miochalowski. The deposition was part of the investigation report made by a unit of the United States Army investigating concentration camps. The deposition was refused admission for the reason that it was not signed by Father Miochalowski. In the meantime we have located him and we will call him to the stand to testify this naming as soon as he arrives. He is not here at the present time but he will be in shortly. In the meantime we would like to continue with the introduction of proof on the experiments carried out at the Ravensbrueck concentration camp and about which the court has hoard testimony from four victims of these experiments. These witnesses which the court has heard are the so-called asocial and criminal persons upon whom the defendants in the deck feel that it is legal and moral to experiment upon.
I am just advised that Father Miochalowski has arrived and we would like at this time to have him summoned to the witness stand.
THE PRESIDENT: Will the Marshal summon the witness Leo Miochalowski.
Will this witness testify in the German language?
MR. McHANEY: Yes, sir.
LEO MIECHALOWSKI, a witness, took the stand and testified as follows:
BY THE PRESIDENT:
Q. The witness will state his name.
A. My name is Leo Miochalowski.
Q. The witness will be sworn. Hold up your right hand. Do you swear that the evidence you shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(The witness repeated the oath.)
DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. McHANEY:
Q. Your name is Leo Miochalowski?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. When and where were you born, witness.
A. On the 22nd of March, 1909, in Babrzezne, Poland.
Q. Are you a citizen of Poland?
A. Yes.
Q. What is your present address, witness?
A. Raderhorst, in the district of Mindon, Westphalia.
Q. Are y u a Catholic priest, witness?
A. Yes.
Q. And you arc now a chaplain of the Polish Military Mission to the headquarters of the British Army of the Rhine?
A. Yes, and I am occupied and active now in the DP camp.
Q. Will you tell the Tribunal what education you have received, witness.
A. I have attended and graduated from the Humanistic Gymnasium and afterward the priest seminary in Dublin near Dischau.
Q. What were you doing from 1933 until the war broke cut, father.
A. I was minister in Poland at that time.
Q. Were y u arrested by the Germans in 1939?
A. Yes.
Q. Will you explain to the Tribunal hew that came about?
A. It had been announced that everybody had to report, If he failed to do so it would be punished by death, that they would have to report to the town major's office. I was convinced that this was a registration and accordingly I went there. I was immediately arrested upon my arrival there.
Q. Did they tell you why you were arrested, father?
A. No, but later on I saw my warrant of arrest in prison.
Q. And did it give y u any idea of why you were arrested?
A. Only warrant of arrest -- it had been written, underlined with a red pencil, minister, priest.
Q. And that is the only reason which you know as to why you were arrested?
A. I was never charged and never called to any trial or any ether legal proceedings.
Q. Were y u at the time of your arrest teaching school in Swiecie, Poland?
A. During the previous time I had been a confessional teacher in the schools in Swiecie.
Q. Now, father, will you tell the Tribunal what happened to you after your arrest?
A. When I was arrested I was first kept in prison for two month and from there we were sent into a cloister and from there still other priests were assembled until about ninety priests had been assembled altogether, and from there we were sent to Stutthof near Danzig into the concentration camp which was located there. And, from there on the fifth or ninth of February we were transferred to Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg which is located near Berlin. On the 13th of December 1940 we were transferred again to Dachau. I was confined in Dachau, until the arrival of the Americans - until we were liberated - that was on the 29th of April 1945.
Q. Now, father, were you a political prisoner in Dachau?
A. Yes. I were a red insignia which all those who had been arrested for political reasons had to wear this insignia.
Q. Now, father, did there come a time when you were experimented on the concentration camp at Dachau?
A. Yes. Malaria experiments and also on one occasion we were engaged in high altitude experiments.
Q. Did you say high altitude experiments, Doctor?
A. No, I said aviation experiments.
Q. And what do you mean by aviation experiments?
A. Well, I have said it because we were dressed in aviator's uniforms and then we were put into containers full of water and ice.
Q. Now, father, will you tell the Tribunal just what happened when you were experimented on with malaria? That is, when it happened and how you happened to be selected?
A. I was that weak that I fell down on the road because everybody was hungry in the camp. I wanted to be transferred to another assignment later on where we got some bread to eat between meals so my health could improve by the additional food. Ono man arrived and selected about thirty people for some easy labor. I also wanted to be selected for this assignment and those who had been selected for this work were led away. We wont in the direc tion where the work was located and at the very last moment instead of going to the place of work we were lead to the camp hospital.
We did not know what was going to be dome with us there. I thought to myself that perhaps this was going to be some detail for easier work in the hospital. We were told that we should undress and after we had undressed ourselves our numbers were taken down and then we asked what was going on and they told us, smilingly. "This is for air detail." But, we wore not told what was going to be done with us. Then the doctor came and told us all to remain and that we were to be x-rayed. Now that our numbers had already been taken down we were supposed to go to our blocks. I sat for two days in the block and afterwards I was again called to the hospital and there I was given malaria in such a manner that there were little cages with infected mosquitoes and I had to put my hand on one of the little cages and a mosquito stung me and afterwards. I was still in the hospital for five weeks. However; for the time being no symptoms of the disease showed themselves. Somewhat later I won't exactly recall; two or three weeks; I had my first malaria attack. Such attack recurred frequently and several medicines were given to us for against malaria. I was given such medicine as neo-salvasan. I was given tow injections of quinine. On one occasion I was given atabrine and the worst was that one time when I had an attack I was given so-called perifer. I was given nine injection of that kind; one every hour and that every second day through the seventh injection. All of a sudden my heart felt like it was going to be torn out. I became insane. I completely lost my language - my ability to speak. This lasted until evening. In the evening a nurse arrived and wanted to give me the eighth injection. I was then unable to speak and I told the nurse about all of the complications I had had and that I did not what to receive the injection. The nurse had already pured out the injection and said that he would report this to Dr. Schilling. After approximately ton minutes another nurse arrived and he said that he would have to give me the injection after all. Then I said the some thing again; that I was not going to have the injection. However; he told me that he had to carry out that order. Then I replied that no matter what order he had I would not be willing to commit suicide.
Then he went away and returned once again after ten minutes. He told me, "I know you know what can happen if you don't accept the injection. Then I said in spite of everything; "I refuse to receive another injection and that I would tell that to the professor." I requested that ho himself knew that I would not be willing receive the injection. So that the nurse would not have any further difficulty after twenty minutes Dr. Ploettner came with four inmate nurses and he talked to my comrades. "There is going t be a big row here." Then I said; "If I have resisted for such a long time I will continue to do so." Dr. Ploettner; however; was very quiet. He only raached for my hand and he checked my pulse, then touched my head and asked me what complications I had had. I told him what I had had after that injection And then he told the nurse to give me two tablets in order to remove the headache and and pains in my kidneys. When I had boon given that Dr. Ploettner was about to leave and told the nurses that they were to give me the rest of the injections. Then I said, "Hauptsturmfuehrer, I refuse to be given that injection." The physician turned around after I had said that and looked a.t me and said; "I cm responsible for your life; not you." Then when the injection he told the nurse -- the nurses complied with his order and it was then they gave mo this injection. It was the same one to whom I had previously told that I did not want to have another injection. It was only strange that after the eighth injection no results happened as they had done previously so that, in my opinion, I think that the nurse gave me some other injection. On the morning I was given the ninth injection - when I woke up in the morning the results were then as usual. I became sick and I began to feel cold and I had high fever.
Q. Father; do I understand you to say that you were injected with malaria in the middle of 1942?
A. It was approximately in the middle of 1942 when I was infected with malaria.
Q. And you were not asked your consent to the malaria experiment?
A. No. I was not asked for my consent.
Q. And you did not volunteer for this experiment?
A. No. I was taken in the manner which I have just described.
Q. Did you make any protest?
A. In 1942 it was very difficult in the camp to lodge any protest. When I protested with this eighth injection which I was to be given, I clearly realized that it would have tho most serious consequences for me. Later on such things could be risked, but in that year I still think that I would have boon unable to do that, and I don't think it would have boon to any avail.
Q. Now how many people were experimented on with you, that is, malaria experiments?
A. in the hospital when I had my attacks, there wore approximately fifty to sixty people; tho numbers changed.
Q. And do you know the approximate total number of inmates experimented on with malaria in Dachau?
A. Towards the end I hoard that approximately one thousand two hundred prisoners were subjected to those experiments.
Q. Do you know whether or not any of these inmates died as a result of tho malaria experiments?
A. Several have died, but if this was the direct result of malaria, I do not know. I know of one case when the patient died after having boon given Perifere injections. Then I still know another priest who died, but afterwards -- and prior to his death ho was sent to another room.
Q. Was it customary to transfer patients out of the block in which they were conducting the malaria experiments if it appeared that they might die?
A. It looked to mo as if this patient of whom I have just spoken had been moved for the reason so it could not be seen that it happened in the case of malaria, but I do not know if people died as a result of malaria because I am not an export on tho subject.
Q. How many recurrences of malaria fever did you have, Father?
A. I cannot give you the exact number any more. However, these attacks recurred frequently, I think about live times, and then I still had treatment in bed for some time, and then there were several more, and altogether I had ton attacks, one every day. When I reached a temperature of 41.6.
Q. Do you still suffer any effects from the malaria?
A. I still have had some after effects, but I do not know if this is only of malaria because I was also subjected to another experiment.
Q. Well, will you now tell the Tribunal about this other experiment?
A. During these malaria attacks on one occasion I was called by Dr. Prachtel and - was examined by a Polish physician, and Dr. Prachtel told me, "If I have any use for you, I will call you." However, I did not know what was going to be done with no. Several days later, that was on the seventh of October, 1942, a prisoner came and told no that I was to report to the hospital immediately. I thought that I was going to be examined once more, and I was taken through tho malaria station to block 5 in Dachau, to tho fourth floor of block 5. There -- the so-called aviation room, the aviation experimental station was located there, and there was a fence, a wooden fence so that nobody could see what was inside, and I was led there, and there was a basin with water and ice which floated on tho water. There were two tables, and there were two apparatus on there Next to them there was a heap of clothing that consisted of uniforms, and Dr. Prachtel was there, two officers in Air Force uniforms. However, I do not know their names.
Now I was told to undress. I undressed and I was examined. The physician then remarked that everything was in order. Now wires had been taped to my back, also in tho lower rectum Afterwards I had to wear my shirt, my drawers, but then after wards I had to wear one of tho uniforms which were lying there. Then I also had to wear a long pair of boots with cat's fur and one aviator's combination. And afterwards a tube was put around my neck and was filled with air. And afterwards the wires which had been connected with me -they were connected to tho apparatus, and then I was thrown into the water. All of a sudden A became very cold, and I began to tremble. I immediately turned to these two non and asked them to pull me out of the water because I would be unable to stand it muck longer. However, they told mo laughingly, "Well, this will only last a very short time." I sat in this water, and I had -- and I was conscious for one hour and a half. I do not know exactly because I did not have a watch, but that is the approximate time I spent there.
During this time the temperature was lowered very slowly in the beginning and afterwards more rapidly. When I was thrown into the water my temperature was lowered very slowly in the beginning and afterwards more rapidly. When I was thrown into the water my temperature was 37.6. Then the temperature became lower. Then I only had 33 and then as low as 30, but then I already became somewhat unconscious and every fifteen minutes some blood was taken from my car. after having sat in the water for about half an hour, I was offered a cigarette, which, however, I did not want to smoke. However, one of these men approached me and gave me the cigarette, and tho nurse who stood near tho basin continued to put this cigarette into my mouth and pulled it out again.
I managed to smoke about half of this cigarette. Later on I was given a little glass with Schnaps, and then I was asked how I was feeling. Somewhat later still I was given ono cup of Greg. This Grog was not very hot. It was rather luke warm. I was freezing very much in this water. Now my foot were becoming as rigid as iron, and tho same thing applied to my hands, and later on my breathing became very short. I once again began to tremble, and afterwards cold sweat appeared on my forehead. I felt as if I was just about to die, and then I was still asking them to pull mo out because I could not stand this much longer.
Then Dr. Prachtel came and ho had a little bottle, and be gave me a few drops of some liquid out of this bottle, and I did not know anything about this liquid. It had a somewhat sweetish taste. Then I lost my consciousness. I do not know how much longer I remained in tho water because I was unconscious. When I again regained consciousness, it was approximately between 3 and 8:30 in the evening. I was lying on a stretcher covered with blankets, and above mo there was some kind of an appliance with lamps which were warming me.
In tho room there was only Dr. Prachtel and two prisoners. Then Dr. Prachtel asked mo how I was feeling. Then I replied, "First of all, I feel very exhausted, and furthermore I am also very hungry." Dr. Prachtel had immediately ordered that I was to be given better food and that I was also to lie in bod. Ono prisoner raised me on the stretcher, and he took me under his arm and he led me through tho corridor to his room. During this time ho spoke to me, and he told mo, "Well, you do not know what you have even suffered And in the room the prisoner gave me half a bottle of milk, ono piece of broad and some potatoes, but that came from his own rations. Later on ho took me to tho malaria station, block 3, and there I was put to bed, and the very same evening a Polish prisoner -- it was a physician; his fir name was Dr. Adam, but I do not remember his other name -He came on official orders.
He told me, "Everything that has happened to you is a military secret." You are not to discuss it with anybody. If you fail to do so, you know what the consequences will be for you. You arc intelligent enough to know that." Of course, I fully realized that I had to keep quiet about that.
On one occasion I had discussed these experiences with one of my comrades. One of the purses found cut about this and he came to see me and ho asked me if I was already tired of living, because I was talking about such matters. But, in the way these experiments were conducted, I do not need to add anything further to it.
Q. How long was it before you recovered from the effects of these freezing experiments?
A. It took a long time. I also have had several (pause) I have had a rather weak heart and I have also had severe headaches, and I also get cramps in my feet very often.
Q. Do you still suffer from the effects of this experiment?
A. I still have a weak heart. For example, I am unable to walk very quickly now, and I also have to sweat very much. Exactly, these are the results, but in many cases I have had these afflictions ever since.
Q. Were you in good physical condition before you were subjected to the Malaria and Freezing experiments?
A. Since the time of this starvation I weighed 57 kilograms in Dachau. When I came to the camp I weighed about one hundred kilo; I lost about one half of my weight. In the beginning, I was weighed, and I was in bed for about a week. And then my weight went down to forty seven kilo.
Q. How much do you weigh now, father?
A. I can not toll you exactly but I have not weighed myself lately but I think at this time I weighed fifty five kilogram.
Q. Do you know how you ware pro-warmed in these freezing experiments?
A. I was warmed with these lamps, but I heard later that people were rewarmed by women.
Q. Do you know approximately how many inmates were subjected to the freezing experiments? -882