Q. And were certain X-Rays of this witness made under your direction?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Doctor, I am having handed to you documents No. 1089 and 1090 -
A. -- Yes, sir -
Q. Will you state whether or not those are X-Rays made of the legs of the witness Karolewska?
A. Yes sir, they are.
MR. Mc HANEY: I offer Document No. 1089 as a Prosecution Exhibit 212. And document No. 1090 as Prosecution Exhibit 213.
Q. BY MR. McHANEY: Now, Doctor, will you proceed to give the Court, the Tribunal, the result of your examination of this witness Karolewska. And I would suggest that you have her move her chair or under and sit to your left.
(Dr. ALexander proceeds to move witness'chair as directed)
DR. ALEXANDER: (To the witness) Will you please?
(At this juncture Dr. Alexander has the chair arranged for the witness and has her seated at Dr. Alexander's left)
MR. ALEXANDER: (The witness; continuing) This X-Ray of the witness Karolewska shows three distinct major scars, which fit into two different patterns of experimentations. The one above, the oldest one (indicating) is on the right leg; consists of a deep retracted scar over the right muscular Soleus.
(Addressing the witness Karolewska) Will you please stand up and turn around, very slowly. (The witness does as directed) just turn. (The witness turns) Just turn gradually very slowly. (The witness does as directed) The lower and of this scar, terminates three and one half inches above the ankle; here (indicating), the whole scar measured three and one half inches and is half an inch wide. This scar, obviously, is the result of one of the infection experiments, an is recognized by her as the scar dated in the Summer of 1942. The other set of scars, are two in number, and they are oath involving the anterior part of the shin bones; the one over the anterior aspect of each tibia -
THE PRESIDENT: ---(addressing or. Alexander) -- will you speak more slowly so that the interpreters can get it?
DR. ALEXANDER: (The witness) Yes, sir.
(Continuing) Both of these anterior scars, over either leg, are deep, retracted, and involve the bone, which feels ragged underneath the scar, a ragged unevenness, under the scars, over which the unevenness of the bone can be felt. Both of these scars feel warm to the palpitating finger of the examiner. The terminating part of the scar, which is higher, fells warmer, indicating an increased circulation in the region. The scar over the left leg, involving the medical part of the tibia, is five inches long and is obviously the residue of the one experiment. The one over the right leg, is also five inches long, and 3/8th of an inch wide. There are two or three scars, laterally adjacent to this big scar, which can no longer be seen very clearly. The main scar to the right is symmetric; both of those scars are symmetric to each other. Both involve the inner part of the medial line of the tibia; not the anterior; the crest of the tibia, that is, the inner or medial aspect or the tibia, which is involved.
Both of those scars involve the medial part, which means the inner part of the tibia. The crest of the tibia is not involved in the scar. The crest of the interior part of the tibia is not involved. Both of these scars are the result of the experimentations. The lower scar on the top, on the left, is five inches above the ankle. That is, five inches. That on the right, four and one half inches above the ankle. Examination of the X-Rays confirm this impression.
Both these X-rays of both legs show an area of irregularity measuring 6 centimeters in length involving the lower part of the upper half of the tibia. The X-rays show the following: At this area which in the Exhibit I have marked with A, you can see that the margin of the tibial bone is not sharp but fluffy.
MR. McHANEY: Doctor, this is Document NO-1089 to which you are referring, is it not?
DR. ALEXANDER: Yes, Document Number NO-1069. This fluffy edge of the bone, indicating that the outer compact lamella of the bone has been removed or is absent, shows decalcification to a depth of about 4 millimeters. I have marked this area with a B, outer decalcified part of the tibiae surrounded by line and marked B. You see the color is lighter there and in the negative X-ray it is less white. Underneath that you see an area marked C which goes inward to half the thickness of the tibiae bone where there is an increased density, white in the X-ray negative, black in the photograph, marked C, which indicates sclerosis of the spongy part of the bone. This entire picture indicates that a bone graft has been removed from this region. Therefore the outer delineation of the bone has become indistinct. The outer marginal part of the bone is decalcified while underneath the decalcified part an area of sclerosis has developed.
JUDGE SEBRING: Doctor, are you conversant with the German language?
DR. ALEXANDER: Yes, Sir.
JUDGE SEBRING: I wonder if we could save time if you were to make your short explanation in English and then make it in German for the benefit of...
DR. ALEXANDER: Very well. Shall I repeat the description of the X-rays?
JUDGE SEBRING: Just as to the description of the X-rays.
DR. ALEXANDER: In German, yes. (Dr. Alexander repeats the description in German.)
THE PRESIDENT: Doctor, you have repeated in German the same description of the X-rays that you previously gave in English?
DR. ALEXANDER: In free translation, not verbatim, In conclusion, (additional description in German). I repeat this in English--this indicates removal of a bone graft ascertained by the fact that no compact outer zone has been substituted. Instead of that a sclerosis underneath a decalcified outer part has formed.
The other X-ray, marked as Document No. NO-1090, which is taken from a lateral plane, from the sides, does not show the bone defect, indicating that the defect is limited to the medial aspect of the bone.
MR. McHANEY: Doctor, as a result of your examination can you make any report about the character of this woman, her psychology, etcetera?
DR. ALEXANDER: Miss Karolewska is a very able woman, of superior intelligence, who speaks fluent French, who is very well informed, has a very clear manner cf expression, and impresses one as a woman of outstanding stamina and personality assets--in every way a highly useful citizen, both in peace and as a soldier in time of war. She impresses me as the type of person who is naturally destined to leadership in any community, civilian as well as military.
MR. McHANEY: I think I have no further questions to put to Dr. Alexander.
DR. ALEXANDER: I would like to say she is a school teacher by occupation.
MR. McHANEY: I think tint the witness, Karolewska, can step down from the stand at this point.
JUDGE SEBRING: Dr. Alexander, what is your prognosis of this condition?
DR. ALEXANDER: There is one thing, of course, the stability of her tibiae has been interfered with; a certain amount of bone marrow has been lost and of course the bone marrow being the place where red blood cells are manufactured and immune reactions are taking place, any loss of bone marrow is, of course, a health handicap. In addition she has pain in relation to the scars where the sensitive spongy inner bone has come very close to the skin. We know bone is very rich in nerve supply, hence a certain amount of pain has to be reckoned with. At present her blood count is normal and her blood picture, apart from her very minor irregularity such as 6 ecsinophiles, has remained normal.
MR. McHANEY: Doctor, can you express any opinion as to the purpose of the type of operation to which she was subject, that is the bone removal?
DR. ALEXANDER: I think it must have been one of the experiments which aimed at the question of regeneration of bone or possible transplantation of bone. Chances are that this tibial graft was either implanted in another person or that grafts had been exchanged which of course today, 3 years after the ex periment, no trace of transplantation is left in this individual.
Or if the object was, such as alleged in some statements I have seen, that tibial grafts were exchanged between the two legs, one must conclude that the experiment was negative because there is no evidence that a graft took. All we see now are the consequences of removal of a graft, and the graft had included the entire compact part of the bone, otherwise the repair would have been better. If some part of the compact had remained, the periosteum would have probably regenerated and today, 3 years after the operation, no X-ray would have shown the defect. So I feel that rather deep grafts were taken which went down into the spongiosa and whether anything was replaced that later was destroyed, I do not know, except the patient stated that there was a purulent discharge, indicating that the wound had become infected, and her statement of a subsequent operation, in fact, if I am not mistaken, 2 subsequent operations, indicates the probability that the graft did not take and that they were removed after infection had become obvious.
MR. McHANEY: I have no further questions.
THE PRESIDENT: Does any Counsel for the Defense desire to cross-examine Dr. Alexander in regards to his testimony for this witness?
No such desire being indicated, tho Doctor may stand down.
MR. McHANEY: I think that this witness, Karolewska, can be excused at this time.
THE PRESIDENT: There being no further questions to be propounded to this witness, Karolewska, the witness nay leave the stand.
(Witness excused)
MR. McHANEY: The Prosecution requests that the witness Jadwiga Dzide be called to the stand.
THE PRESIDENT: The Prosecution will call the witness, Jadwiga Dzide. The interpreter having already been sworn, I will administer the oath to the witness.
I solemnly swear that the evidence I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help me God.
(The witness repeated the oath through the Interpreter)
THE PRESIDENT: The witness will be seated.
DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. HARDY. (Through the Interpreter)
Q. Witness, what is your full name?
A. Jadwiga Dzido.
Q. Do you spell that J-a-d-w-i-g-a, last name spelled D-z-i-d-o?
A. Yes.
Q. Witness, you were born on the 26th of January, 1918?
A. Yes.
Q. You are a citizen of Poland?
A. Yes.
Q. Have you come here to Nurnberg voluntarily to testify?
A. Yes.
Q. Would you kindly tell the Tribunal your present home address?
A. Warsaw, Garnoslonska 14.
Q. Witness, are you married?
A. No.
Q. Are your parents living?
A. No.
Q. What education have you received?
A. I have finished the elementary school and gymnasium at Warsaw. I started -- in 1937 I started studying Pharmacology at the University in Warsaw.
Q. Did you graduate from the University in Warsaw?
A. No.
Q. What did you do after you had finished school in the University of Warsaw?
A. I started studying Pharmacology at the University, and then when I was studying the second year, the war break out.
Q. What did you do after the war broke out.
A. In 1939 I was working in a Pharmacy during the holidays.
Q. Were you a member of the Resistance Movement?
A. In the Autumn of 1944 I entered the Resistance Underground.
Q. What did you do in the Resistance Movement?
A. I was a messenger.
Q. Then were you later captured by the Gestapo and placed under arrest?
A. I was arrested by Gestapo on the 28th of March 1941.
Q. What happened to you after your arrest by the Gestapo?
A. I was interrogated by Gestapo in Lublin, Lukow, Radzin. Lukow, Lublin, Radzin.
Q. And what happened after that?
A. In Lublin I was beaten while being naked.
Q. Did you then receive any further treatment from the Gestapo, or were you released?
A. I stayed in Lublin six weeks in the Underground of the building of Gestapo.
Q. Then were you sent to the Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp?
A. On the twenty-third of September, 1941, I was transported to the concentration camp, Ravensbrueck.
Q. Were you told why you were sent to the concentration camp in Ravensbrueck?
A. No, I was not told.
Q. Were you ever given a trial in any German court?
A. Never.
Q. Who sent you to Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp?
A. All ****** who were in the prison at Lublin were sent there, and I went with them.
Q. Now will you tell the Court, Miss Dzido, in your own words what happened to you after you arrived at Ravensbrueck?
A. When I arrived in the concentration camp Ravensbrueck, I thought that I would be able to stay there till the end of the war. The life conditions at Ravensbrueck -- in the prison were such that we could not live any longer there. In the camp we had to work, but in the camp it was not so dirty, and there were not so many lice as used to be in the prison.
Q. What work did you do in the camp, Witness?
A. I did the physical work inside or outside the camp.
Q. Were you ever operated on in the Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp?
A. I was operated in November, 1942.
Q. Will you kindly explain the circumstances of this operation to the Tribunal?
A. In 1942 great hunger and terror reigned in the camp. Germans were at the zenith of their power. You could see on the face of every SS women haughtiness and pride. We were told each day every day that we were nothing but numbers, that we had to forget that we were human beings, that we had somebody who think of us -- who thinks of us, that we would never come back to our country, that we are slaves and that we have only to work. We were not allowed to smile, to cry or to pray. We were not allowed to defend ourselves when we were beaten. There was no hope to -- of going back to my country.
Q. Now, Witness, did you say that you were operated on in the Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp on November 22, 1942?
A. Yes.
Q. Now, on November 22, 1942, the day of this operation, will you kindly tell the Tribunal all that happened during that time?
A. That day the policewoman, camp policewoman, came with a piece of paper where my name was written down. The policewoman told us to follow her. When I asked her where we were going, she told me that she didn't know. She took us to the hospital. I didn't know what was going to happen to me. It might have been an execution, transport for work, or operation.
Dr. Oberhauser appeared and told me to undress and examined me. Then I was X-rayed. I stayed in the hospital. My dress was taken away from me. I was operated on the 22 November 1942 in the morning. A German nurse came, shaved my legs and gave me something to drink. When I asked her what she was going to do with me she didn't give me any answer. In the afternoon I was taken on a small hospital car to the operating room. I must have been very exhausted and tired and that's why I don't remember whether I had got an injection or whether a mask had been put on my face. I didn't see the operating room.
When I came back I remember that I had no wound on my leg, but a trace of a sting. Since that time I don't remember anything till January. I learned from my comrades who lived in the same room that my leg had been operated on. I remember what was going on in January, and I know that the dressings had been changed several times.
Q. Witness, do you know who performed the operation upon your leg?
A. I don't know.
Q. Now, you say that you had dressings changed. Who changed the dressings on your leg?
A. The dressings were changed by Mr. Oberhauser, Rosenthal and Schiedlaudski.
Q. Did you suffer a great deal while these dressings were being changed?
A. Yes, very much.
Q. Witness, will you step down from the witness box and walk over to the Defendants dock and see if you can recognize anyone in that dock as being at Ravensbrueck concentration camp during the period and during the time that you were operated on?
A. (Witness points).
Q. Will you point to the person again that you recognized, Witness?
A. (Witness points.)
Q. And who is that, Witness?
A. Dr. Oberhauser.
MR. HARDY: May we request that the record so show that the witness has identified the Defendant Oberhauser?
THE PRESIDENT: The record will so show.
Q. Do you recognize anyone else in that dock, Witness?
A. Yes.
Q. Point out who else you recognize, Witness?
A. (Witness points)
Q. Who is that, Witness?
A. This man I saw only once in the camp.
Q. Do you know who that man is, Witness?
A. I know.
Q. Who is that man, Witness?
A. Dr. Fischer.
MR. HARDY: Will the record so show that the witness has properly identified the Defendant Fischer as being at the Ravensbrueck concentration camp?
THE PRESIDENT: The record will so show.
Q. Witness, do you have any other details to tell the Tribunal about your operation?
A. (No answer).
Q. Witness, how many times were you operated on?
A. Once.
Q. When Dr. Oberhauser attended you, was she gentle in her treatment toward you?
A. She was not bad.
Q. Witness, have you ever heard of a person named Binz in the Ravensbrueck concentration camp?
A. I know her very well.
Q. Do you remember what time your friends were called to be operated on in August, of 1943?
A. Yes.
Q. Will you kindly tell the Tribunal some of the details there and the names of the persons who were to be operated on?
A. In the spring of 1943 the operations were stopped. We thought that we could live like that till the end of the war. On the 15th of August a policewoman came and called ten girls. When she was asked what for, she answered that we were going to be sent to work. We know very well that all prisoners belonging to our transport were not allowed to work outside the camp. The chief of the block where we were living was forbidden under capital punishment to let us outside the camp. That's why we knew that it was not true. We didn't want to let our comrades out of the block. The policewoman came, and the assistants, the overseers and with Binz. We were driven out of the block into the street. We stood there in line ten at a time and Binz herself read off the names of ten girls. When they refused to go because they were afraid of a new operation and were not willing to undergo a new operation, she herself gave her word of honor that it was not going to be an operation and she told them to follow her.
We remained standing before the block. Then several minutes later our comrades ran to us and told us that SS men have been called for in order to surround them. The camp police arrived and drove out our comrades out of the line. We were locked in the block, The shutter were closed. We were three days without any food and without any fresh air. We were not given parcels that arrived at that time at the camp. The first day the camp commandant and Binz came and made a speech. The camp commander said that there has never been a revolt in the camp and that this revolt must be punished. She believed that we would correct ourselves and that we will never repeat it. If it is going to happen once again, she has SS people with weapons. My comrade who knew German answered that we were not revolting, that we didn't want to be operated because five of us died after tho operation and because six had been shot down after having suffered so much. Then Binz replied: "Death is victory You must suffer for it and you will never get of the camp." Three days later we learned that our comrades had been operated in the bunker.
Q. Now, witness, how many women, approximately, were operated on at Ravensbrueck?
A. At Ravensbrueck were operated 74 women. Many of them had undergone many operations.
Q. Now, you have told us that Five died as a result of the operations, is that correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And another six were shot down after the operation, is that correct?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you know why those other six were shot, witness?
A. I don't know.
Q. Witness, were any of these victims asked to volunteer for these operations?
A. No.
Q. Were any of them promised freedom if they would submit to operations?
A. No.
Q. Did you, when you were operated on, did you object?
A. I could not.
Q. Why not?
A. I was not allowed to talk and our question were not answered.
Q. Do you still suffer any effects as a result of the operation, witness?
A. Yes.
Q. Were you ever asked to sign any papers with respect to the operation?
A. Never.
Q. When did you finally leave Ravensbrueck?
A. On the 27th of April, 1945.
Q. Have you ever received any treatment since you have left Ravensbrueck in the last year?
A. Yes.
Q. Tell us what treatment you have received.
A. Dr. Gruzan in Warsaw transplanted tendons on my leg.
Q. When did he do that?
A. On the 25th of September 1945.
Q. Do you have to wear any special shoes now, witness?
A. Yes, I must wear them, but I can't afford to buy them.
Q. What are you now doing, witness? Are you working now, or what is your occupation?
A. I am now continuing my studies which I started before the war.
Q. I see. I will ask the witness to identify these pictures.
MR. HARDY: This is Document number NO-1082, a, b, and c. I will pass these up to the Tribunal for your perusal.
BY MR. HARDY:
Q. Were these photographs taken of you in Nurnberg in the last day or two, witness?
A. Yes.
Q. Witness, would you kindly take your stocking and shoe off your right leg, please, and will step out to the side and show the Tribunal the results of the operations at Ravensbrueck? (Witness complies.)
That's all, witness, you may sit down.
MR. HARDY: I have no further question an direct examination, Your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: Is there any defense counsel who desires to cross examine this witness?
DR. SEIDL (counsel for defendants Gebhardt, Oberhauser and Fischer): I do not want to cross examine the witness; however, I do not want to confirm that my client admit all the statement which have been made by the witness.
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal will now be in recess for a few minutes.
(A recess was taken)
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal is again in session.
MR. HARDY: If there is no cross examination of this witness by the defense counsel, I propose now to call Dr. Alexander to the witness stand.
THE PRESIDENT: I understood before we recessed there was no cross examination of this witness by defense counsel. Is that correct? Proceed.
DR. LEO ALEXANDER, a witness, was recalled to the stand and testified as follows:
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Alexander is reminded that he is still under oath as a witness in this Court.
DR. ALEXANDER: (Addressing Jadwiga Dzido). Please take off both shoes and both stockings, if you will.
(The witness removed her shoes and stockings.)
DIRECT EXAMINATION--Continued BY MR. HARDY:
Q. Dr. Alexander, have you examined Miss Dzido before today?
A. Yes, sir, I did, on several occasions and during the last three days.
Q. During your examination, did you have x-rays made of the patient's legs?
A. I did, sir.
MR. HARDY: At this time I will introduce document No. nO-1091 which is the x-ray of one witness, Miss Dzido. We will pass two copies to the Tribunal and one copy for the Secretary General.
BY MR. HARDY:
Q. Dr. Alexander, in the course of your diagnosis of these x-rays, will you kindly diagnose this x-ray in English and then repeat in German for the benefit of the defendant?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Doctor, will you identify that x-ray which carried No. NO-1091?
A. Yes. This is the x-ray which included the lower two-thirds of the thigh bone, the femur and the knee joint, and --
MR. HARDY: I offer this x-ray as Prosecution Exhibit No. 215.
BY MR. HARDY:
Q. Do you have any further explanation of this x-ray, Doctor?
A. Yes, sir. I would like to tie it in, if it is agreeable to you, with the chemical examination.
Q. All right, Doctor.
A. The most remarkable finding in Miss Dzido's case is at first marked atrophy of the right leg, including thigh, leg and foot. Will you please stand up, Miss Dzido. (The witness stood). And will you gradually slowly turn around? You can compare here the two legs and you notice the marked atrophy. You see the femur of this bone, of this leg, as compared to tho other. This atrophy is predominantly on the calf but also includes tho lower part of the thigh. Here, the thigh (indicating) as compared with the other side. The atrophy of the thigh is due to the fact that tho lateral flexor group, including the musculus biceps, is absent which leaves the lateral epicondylus and the lateral prominence of the tibia without tho tendinous insertion. You see this tendon here, strong tendon is absent on this side. The lower part of the leg, including the malleolar region and the dorsum of the foot show bluish discoloration, indicating interference with the circulation of the leg, probably due to loss of blood vessels. (The witness now faced the judges). Skin and musculature of the right foot, including the toes, are likewise atrophic. The right leg is furthermore disfigured by two ugly scars, one here and one here.
THE PRESIDENT: One where, Doctor, for the sake of the record.
DR. ALEXANDER: Here. (Indicating).
THE PRESIDENT: I know, but it **st go into the record.
DR. ALEXANDER: Take the lateral one and the medial one. The lateral one begins three inches above the knee, above the lateral epicondylus of the femur running down over the lateral part of the calf until two inches above the lateral malleolus. This scar is sixteen inches long. The width of this scar varies from one-eight inch to one-half inch. The lower part of this scar still snows inflammation and oozes sero-purulent discharge, indicating the presence of a sinus. Two and one-half inches medially to this scar and parallel to it is an equally disfiguring one measuring seven inches in length and partly three-quarters of an inch in width.
There are four small recent neat scars indicative of having healed by first intension over the right food and ankle These are incidental to transplantation of tendons to correct a foot drop. It is referred to as phalphesus (?) which was carried out by Dr. Gruca. There are a number of neurological disturbances in this location. The dorsiflexion of the foot is abolished.
(Addressing Miss Dzido). Would you try to life up your foot like this. (Indicating). Although they are present, in view of the tendon repair, there is no longer any foot drop but the patient cannot lift the foot off the ground to any significant extent. The gait is disturbed by this loss of dorsiflexion of the right foot and lateral rotation of the right foot is likewise abolished.
(Addressing Kiss Dzido). Will you please try to do this, put the foot inward and outward. There is very little lateral rotation possible.
(Addressing Miss Dzino). Would you like to walk first? Would it be desire to have the patient walk?
You notice that during the gait the toes of the right foot remain planted to the ground because of the inadequacy of the lifting movement of the foot which is accomplished by the perineal nerves. These findings indicate paralysis, or loss rather, in this case of the perineal nerve. The right knee joint is diminished and the right ankle jerk is absent. Here you get a very good knee jerk and on this side a less active one. You see here very marked atrophy because of the loss of the whole flexor musculature. There is a good ankle jerk here. I never was able to retain one on the right. Sensory examination showed an anesthesia for fine touch on the dorsum of the right foot, which means the back of the foot. The pressure is felt. The lower two-thirds of the antero-lateral aspect of the right leg, as well as that part of the lateral and posterior aspect of the leg which is lateral to and between the two scars---this part and thus, which shows hyperesthesia for touch and not complete loss. All these areas show marked hyperesthesia for pain. In the medial part of the calf here sensation to touch is normal Thank you very much.
Q. Now, Doctor, I will give you all these x-rays together. There will be an addition to the one that he has, NO 1092, NO 1093 and NO 1094. Would you kindly identify these three x-rays first, Doctor, so that we can offer them as exhibits?
A. Yes. In 1092 is the x-ray of the leg, including the tibia and fibula.
MR. HARDY: That is offered at this time as Prosecution Exhibit No. 216.
DR. ALEXANDER: In 1093 is an x-ray of the right feet.
MR. HARDY: That is offered as Prosecution Exhibit No. 217.
DR. ALEXANDER: And in 1094 is another x-ray of the right foot, with particular attention to the metatarsal bones.
MR. HARDY: Document No. 1094 is offered as Prosecution Exhibit No. 218.
BY MR. HARDY:
Q. Proceed, Doctor.
A. The first of the x-rays, the picture of the femur, shows marked osteoporosis of the lateral epicondylus. This is due to the fact of the removal of muscle and tendon attachments. It is an osteo-porosis of disuse because the normal pull of the tendon has been removed from this epicondylus. The epicondylus is the big prominence of the thigh bone adjacent to the knee joint where the large flexor muscles insert normally. Where that insertion has been abolished here, leaving the epicondylus without soft major tendons. This osteo-porosis is the obvious result of that, and marked osteo-porotic prominence with an arrow in this picture.
Q. Doctor, this x-ray you are referring to now is No. 1092?
A. This is No. 1091. The arrow points to the osteoporotic atrophy of the tibia. Number 1092 is the x-ray of the leg. It shows the fibula which is the smaller of the two Larger banes of the leg, about in the middle between the area just mentioned under the bracket called "B". On the side, looking toward the tibia is the osteoperiostitis of the periosteum. This group of marks are particularly severe in the smaller area which I have marked with the bracket "A" indicates a smaller area of the shaft of the tibia within the larger area of the disturbance marked as "B". This alteration is indicating and consists of an ordinary inactive Coxa, which in view of the osteoperiostitis of the periosteum was probably an osteomyelitis process. However, there is no active osteomyelitis at the present examination of the right foot, In pictures 1093 and 1094, it shows arthritic changes of the cuniform navicula joints with narrowing of the joint spaces and increased marginal sclerosis. This has been marked in the x-ray with an arrow pointing to the joint. The other prints are the same. The prints have come out too dark, but it shows the condition clearly in the film.
This arthritis is due to the immobilization of the right foot. Secondary to the muscles and especially the paralysis of the perineal nerve. It is evidentally arthritis of an immobilization nature which one sees also by inspection of the patients foot.
Q. Doctor, can you determine from your examination -
A. (Interposing) 1094, have I mentioned it shows the same as 1093 in a slightly different exposure. The marks are the same pointing to the most marked arthritis between the cuniform navicular joints.
Q. Doctor, in your opinion, from your examination of this patient can you determine what was the purpose of the experiment?
A. It appears that in this experiment a highly infectious agent was implanted, probably without the addition of a bacteria static agent such as sulfanilaide, and for that reason the infection got out of hand and became very extensive.
Q. Do you mean, Doctor, it is highly possible this patient could have been considered as one of the control groups?