MR. HARDY:
Q. Doctor, let's turn to page 127 of the document book, which is Exhibit 106, document No. 268. This is a document which originated from Anthony's office, which is signed by Professor Hippke. Somebody wrote that, somebody in Anthony's office must have written it or it wouldn't have Anthony's code letter on it, because as you say Hippke did most of his work without referring to Anthony if he chose to do it. Now this letter reads as follows:
A. I am sorry. I never said that. I said that Hippke sometimes failed to consult the referat but I never said in most of his work.
Q. Do you think now, in as much as the code letters appear, that in connection with this document Hippke referred it to the referat?
A. I not only believe Hippke referred the letter to the referat but I think this letter was worked on in the referat. I myself did not work on it. I saw it here for the first time.
Q. Let's read it, doctor, quote:
"The experiments conducted in Dachau concerning protective measures against the effects of freezing on the human body by immersion in cold water have lead to results of practical use. They were conducted by Stabsarzt of the Luftwaffe Professor Dr. Holzloehner, Dr. Finke and Dr. Rascher in cooperation with the SS, and are now finished. The results was reported upon by those who worked on them during a conference on medical problems arising from distress at sea and winter hardships on 26 and 27 October 1942 at Nurnberg. The detailed report on the conference is at present in state of preparation.
"I think you most gratefully for the great assistance that cooperation of the SS has meant for us in conducting the experiments, and beg you to express our thanks too, to the commander of the Dachau camp.
Heil Hitler Prof.
Dr. Hippke."
Now whatever impression was given to the listeners at the Nurnberg conference after hearing the report, it is a fact, is it not, that the reports were based on experiments upon human beings at the Dachau concentration camp and here is the "Thank you" note from Hippke?
A. In my direct examination I have already said that I held the opinion from the very beginning that Holzloehner's report was just a compilation and that in the course of the compilation he induced the results of the Dachau experiments in his report. I never doubted it.
Q. Well, Dr. Lutz had no difficulty in ascertaining that either, did he?
A Let me refer to three things: first of all Lutz himself worked on the cold question; second he worked in the very institute where considerable work was done on the same question; third, according to what he said, he knew Mr. Rascher much better than I did. If he read something else from Holzloehner's report and Rascher's remark than I did I am not surprised.
Q Of course, you can recall that Dr. Lutz maintained in the course of his examination here that an average medical man could have ascertained the same thing, didn't he say that?
A I don't understand your question.
Q Didn't Dr. Lutz say here that any physician or medical man, regardless of his specialty, that is, he didn't necessarily have to be a specialist in shock from exposure to cold, could have been any man, if he had slight knowledge of medicine could ascertain from the reports that were heard at the October meeting that the experiments were made on human beings and were not just air rescue practical tests?
A No, Dr. Lutz did not say that. In the course of my direct examination I repeated exactly what Lutz said. He said he believed it was clear to most people that is to say, at least that it was not quite clearly expressed and that was his own personal opinion. What he realized might not apply to other people.
Q Let us turn to the yellow jaundice complex, doctor. This is Document NO-137 which is on page 6 of Document Book 8.
A Yes, I have it.
Q Well, now we note here under 1 - the subject is yellow fever vaccines and we find there three references to the code letters of the office of Anthony. Is that correct? We see this #55 on three occasions there.
A I am sorry, under yellow fever vaccine, is that what you mean?
Q Under arabic number 1 -
A Yes, you only see two numbers which do refer to referat. The first says 55, etc. 2 II B and then 55/14 - the rest is missing. I don't know what the original says.
Q Those references, be there one, two, or three - refer to Anthony's office, is that right? It is very simple, answer it. Do they or don't they?
A If I have to say yes or no I will say no. They mean merely that there is a research assignment so that if the files are looked for in the office of the Medical Inspectorate the registry people know where to look - under file #55.
Q Let's straighten this out. What is #55? What does it mean?
A In the correspondence of the German Wehrmacht there was a so-called Wehrmacht file plan.
Q Let's forget that a moment. What do numbers 55 mean. You can answer in three words. You have answered it in direct examination. I want to hear it again. I don't remember what you said. Doesn't 55 2 II B refer to the office of Anthony?
A No. This No. 55 you will find in correspondence of the entire Luftwaffe and the entire German Wehrmacht where Anthony means nothing at all.....
Q 2 II B refers to Anthony's office, doesn't it?
DR. TIPP: Mr. President, I am afraid I must object to this type of questioning by Mr. Hardy. He has interrupted the witness three times now. If Mr. Hardy will let Doctor Becker-Freyseng explain everything will be clear. I don't want to attack Mr. Hardy personally by any means but I think this continual interruption does not serve the cause.
MR. HARDY: Since the objection has been raised, Your Honors, I will instruct the Tribunal to instruct the witness to answer my question what does 2 II B mean? He has testified on direct examination that they mean Anthony's office. He is here under oath and now he says they do not mean Anthony's office and I wish to clear up the confusion.
THE PRESIDENT: Counsel for Prosecution asked the witness what the number 55 meant and interrupted the witness before he answered by asking what the letters 2 II B mean. Will counsel again propound his question to the witness?
BY MR. HARDY:
Q What is the code initial 2 II B refer to, doctor?
A That is the registration abbreviation for the referat Aviation Medicine.
Q And at that time 7 October 1943 you were assistant referent?
A Yes.
Q And #1 in this document refers to yellow fever vaccine?
A Yes.
Q And "2" in this document refers to spotted fever vaccine?
A Yes.
Q And the code letters 2 II B appear there?
A Yes, that is true.
Q And so on down through the document?
A Yes, that is true.
Q That is all I have in that complex, Your Honor. However, I have one request to make of the Tribunal before we adjourn today. Dr. Tipp has requested that he be permitted to see the defendant BeckerFreyseng,this evening. I have agreed that he could see BeckerFreyseng, of course adhering to legal ethics and not making any reference to the questions being considered in the course of this cross-examination. Dr. Steinbauer has a problem to take up with the Tribunal before adjournment.
DR. STEINBAUER (For the Defendant Beiglboeck): Mr. President, the court has approved for me a witness named Dr. Rolf Jaeger. This witness has been brought to Nurnberg. This morning the General Secretary's office, Mr. Wartena, told me that Dr. Jaeger is the head of a British Hospital in Graz and the British Military Government in Austria have urgently asked to have him returned. He has to be taken back Thursday morning and I should like permission to call this witness tomorrow when the examination of Becker-Freyseng is concluded. Mr. Hardy, to whom I have told this, thought I should submit an affidavit.
I would be very glad to fulfill Hr. Hardy's wish but could not do so; I merely promise that I will be very brief. If he will do the same thing we will gain what we would otherwise have lost.
THE PRESIDENT: Has counsel for Prosecution any objection to calling this witness at the closing of the testimony of the defendant BeckerFreyseng?
MR. HARDY: On the statement of defense counsel, Your Honor, it appears to be that in as much as this witness will only testify as to the rank and organization within which the defendant Beiglboeck was stationed or where his orders came from I don't think it necessary to take up the time of the Tribunal. I understand the witness has nothing to add concerning the sea water experiments of any of the plans or enterprises connected therewith. He will merely testify as to superior orders of Beiglboeck and I feel for my part that an affidavit could accomplish that object without taking up the time of the Tribunal.
THE PRESIDENT: I understand from defense counsel that defense counsel desires to put the witness on the stand and not file an affidavit of the witness, is that correct?
A Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: The witness will be heard after the close of the testimony of defendant Becker-Freyseng tomorrow.
The Tribunal will be in recess until 9:30 tomorrow morning.
THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal is now in recess until 9:30 tomorrow morning.
Official Transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of the United States of America against Karl Brandt, et al, defendants, sitting at Nurnberg, German, on 28 May 1947, 0930, Justice Beals presiding.
THE MARSHAL: Persons in the courtroom will please find their seats.
The Honorable, the Judges of Military Tribunal I.
Military Tribunal I is now in session. God save the United States of America and this honorable Tribunal.
There will be order in the courtroom.
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Marshal, you ascertain if the defendants are present in the court.
THE MARSHAL: May it please your Honor, all defendants are present in the court.
THE PRESIDENT: The Secretary-General will note for the record the presence of all the defendants in court.
Counsel may proceed.
HERMANN BECKER-FREYSENG - Resumed CROSS EXAMINATION (Continued) BY MR. HARDY:
Q. May it please the Tribunal. Dr. Becker-Freyseng, yesterday, during the course of cross examination, I asked you whether or not you had ever performed experiments in high-altitude research above 12,000 meters and I recall that you answered that you had done that type of research yourself up to 15,000 meters.
A. I said that I performed a very few, perhaps one or two experiments on myself. Generally, however, my work was up to 12,000 meters. That was the work in 1945 and 1946.
Q. Now, this work wherein you went to 15,000 meters, was that also in 1945 and '46?
A. No, that was before, that was during the war.
Q. When?
A. There were some orientation experiments which I performed, perhaps '42 of '43 only to learn about these things by myself. There was not any extensive research, just a few experiments for my own orientation.
Q. Had anyone else to your knowledge performed or experimented above 12,000 at that time or prior to 1942?
A. Yes, quite a few people.
Q. Who?
A. Dr. Ulrich Luft and Dr. Hans Georg Klamann, at the Aviation Research Medical Institute, and Dr. Benzinger and his people in Rechlin. The highest altitude reached that I knew of was a little over 19,000 meters. This was reached by Hans Erich Halbach in a self experiment. He is now living in Prien in the Chiemsee. He worked for Dr. Benzinger.
Q. Do you know how many times experiments have been conducted wherein altitudes over 15,000 meters were reached? Approximately, doctor. Just a rough estimate.
A. Certainly 50 to 60 experiments.
Q. Over 15,000?
A. Yes, over 15,000 meters.
Q. Was all that work conducted prior to the experiments in Dachau, in other words, prior to February 1942?
A. Part was before the Dachau experiments and part was after the Dachau experiments.
Q. Would you have any way of telling us just how much was done before the Dachau experiments in this particular field, in altitudes higher than 15,000 meters?
A. Unfortunately, I am in no position to do so, but I can tell you who can give you very exact information. These men are all in the American service -- Dr. Hans Goerg Klamann, Dr. Luft and Dr. Benzinger. I myself did not carry out this specific type of work myself, and I did not work on it in the referat.
Unfortunately, I am unable to answer your question. I can only refer you to the correct source.
Q. Well, now, in these experiments that were conducted in the altitudes higher than 15,000 meters, what field of research was that concerned with? Was that with explosive decompression, slow decent, or what phase of high-altitude research, do you know?
A. Yes, part of them explosive decompression expression experiments and part of them experiments such as were described here, experiments on rescue from high altitude.
Q. Now these experiments that we are referring to, those concerned with altitudes above 15,000 meters, were the results of those experiments published so that all students of aviation medicine could study them?
A. Yes, quite a number of results of experiments are available which I myself saw in the Aerometrical Center in Heidelberg. Some of them were published in the Journal for Aviation Medicine, and some of them were just official reports
JUDGE SEBRING: Mr. Hardy, will you ascertain from the witness when those reports were published?
BY MR. HARDY:
Q. Witness, will you kindly tell the Tribunal when the reports concerning the experiments above 15,000 meters, which took place prior to 1942, February 1942, when and where were they published?
A. I cannot say exactly. They were published in 1941-1942, approximately, but I cannot give an exact date. I had nothing to do with the publication of these reports but the reports are available. They are at the Aero Medical Center in Heidelberg. The date can be checked.
Q. Then I presume that the experiments that were conducted after February 1942 in the same field were also published.
A. Yes, I am sure they were published, too.
Q. And was the work conducted by yourself and Ruff and your colleagues at the Aero Medical Center at Heidelberg after the cessation of hostilities? Were they published in this work or were they merely put in United States Army publications?
A. A very small portion had a report published. At least, Dr. Gaver informed me to that effect, but the rest of the experiments were interrupted before they were completed so we had not come to any final conclusions that could have been published but one small paper is said to have been published.
BY JUDGE SEBRING:
Q. Witness, who had access to those early reports that you say were published concerning experiments prior to 1942?
A. Do you mean, Your Honor, now or to whom they were available at that time?
Q. To whom they were available immediately after the date of publication.
A. Primarily, aviation medicine institutes and research workers; also the consequences resulting, for technique, were available to the technical agencies.
Q. Then they would have been available to the defendants Ruff and Romberg?
A. I am sure they read the reports which were published previously. I am not able to say exactly which reports were published before the Dachau experiments and which were published after the Dachau experiments.
Q. But you feel reasonably sure that such reports as were published before the Dachau experiments would have been available to the defendants Ruff and Romberg, and that as experts in that field the assumption is very strong that they would have read them?
A. I assume that it is extremely likely that the reports that were published before the Dachau experiments were sent to Dr. Ruff's institute BY MR. HARDY:
Q. Dr. Becker-Freyseng, I wish to now turn to the complex "Typhus" in Document Book No. 12 on page 74 of the English document number NO-306, Prosecution Exhibit No. 206.
A. I have the document.
Q. You recall in this document Professor Rose wrote to Haagen and referred to the production of spotted fever vaccine for all armed forces in the eastern area. He stated he had not heard anything yet from Department No. 1 and that it will take some time for 2F to produce his new research order inasmuch as Anthony is on a duty trip -- and do I understand you clearly that you had no knowledge whatsoever of any of these activities concerning typhus research or the production of typhus vaccines?
A. Yes, you understood me correctly.
Q. Now, in this letter we note the code or file numbers 2F. Doctor I want to clarify a point at this time. First of all, in the Referat for aviation medicine you have had the code or file numbers 2IIB. That was the first one. Wasn't that the first one that they had in the Referat for aviation medicine?
A. No, that was the registration abbreviation. The first note was 55 for the research assignments. These are two quite different things.
Q. You know very well what I am referring to. You have tried to quibble me on this several times. Tell me just what the Roman numeral means. What does it mean? Is it the reference number?
A. The registry number for the Referat for aviation medicine.
Q. I won't make the error again. Would you tell me - 2IIB - what that registry number means, when that came into existance in the Referat for aviation medicine?
A. I cannot tell you. In August 1941, when I was transferred to the Referat for aviation medicine, the Referat already had this number. I don't know when it started. I never took any interest in that. I presume in 1940 or 1941. I don't know. Perhaps already before the war. I really don't know.
Q. When did the registry number 2F come into existance?
A. According to the documents which you have submitted here it must have been in June 1943. There are some among the documents dated during this month which still have the old number and some which have the new number. I assume in the course of this month of June 1943 the change took place.
Q. Then the numbers would have overlapped. Is that true - the use of the numbers?
A. Yes, they no doubt overlapped in a few letters.
Q. When did 2IIA come into existance?
A. 2IIA was introduced as of the first of April 1944 as deadline.
Q. And I presume that the registry number 2F and the registry number 2IIA would have overlapped during that period of April and May. You may have well used both numbers.
A. It is quite possible, yes. I have not seen any such document here but it is possible. I don't know.
Q. Will you turn to Document NO-131 which you will find on page 98 of Document Book No. 12.
A. Yes, I have it.
Q. Now, this document -- do you have the German copy that has the code designation on the top of the document, Doctor?
A. Yes, 55, 2IIA.
Q. Would you kindly read that slowly so the Tribunal may insert the code designation on the copy of their document inasmuch as the English copy does not have the code numbers set forth. It merely has the parentheses "code designation". When they translated the letter, they did not put down the numbers, so would you kindly read that code designation so the Tribunal may insert them in their document.
A. It reads, "High Command of the Luftwaffe"; next line "Chief of the Medical Service"; next line "File note 55/6028/44, Secret, (2IIA)".
Q. Now, that code designation with the registry number 2A refers to the Referat for aviation medicine, does it not?
A. Yes.
Q. The date of this letter was 29 August 1944.
A. Yes.
Q. At that time you were Referent for Aviation Medicine.
A. Yes, that is true.
Q. Now, as I understand in the course of your direct examination, you admit knowledge of this letter which you state that you can only recollect reading remembering the first paragraph therein. Is that correct?
A. I worked on only the first paragraph of this letter in my Referat and dictated it to my typist.
Q. Does the Secretary General have the original copy of Document NO-131? Would you kindly bring it in please?
Now, this first paragraph that you said that you drew us reads as follows: "The research dealing with the dry spotted fever vaccine from vitelline sac cultures are to be continued. Therefore the 4,000 RM requested for the research fund are being placed at your disposal."
Q Would you kindly explain to the Tribunal just what you mean by that Paragraph?
Q. This paragraph merely means that the assignment earlier given to Haagen to develop a method for producing typhus vaccine is to receive further approval and it informs haagen that in 1944 he will again receive the subsidy of 4000 marks which he requested.
Q. Now this is written by you when you were referent?
A. Yes, that is what we worked out as a referent. That is typical of the work which the referat for Aviation Medicine did in non-aviation assignments.
Q. Well, now how did you happen to know about research dealing with dry spotted vaccine?
A. I knew that from the research assignments which had been issued to Haagen. In this case probably Mr. Haagen said the subsidy which he obtained in 1943 was used up. He, therefore, requested that the assignment be extended and that his subsidy also be extended. This letter came to the office. Probably the Department Chief sent the letter to the Hygiene referent. He either made a notation of the letter or wrote a memorandum on it saying that Haagen's work was desired by the Hygiene referat. Then the letter would be sent back to the Department Chief who made a notation "research assignment can be extended" and sent it to my referat.
I went with this letter to the Finance Referat and found out whether there was enough money available, to see whether all conditions could be fulfilled for giving him 4000 marks. And, if the Hygiene referent and the Finance referent had no objection I probably dictated this to my secretary and submitted it to my department Chief.
Q. Well, now here you are authorizing expenditure of 4000 RM.
A. No, I said already yesterday....
Q. You wrote this paragraph?
A. I wrote this, dictated it for my Department Chief but the authority for expending the 4000 marks belonged to the man who signed the letter, and that was the department Chief.
Q. Yes, but no less a man than Professor Schroeder tells me that you had power of attorney to pay out funds for experimental purposes and this seems to be rather consistent with this statement.
A. Yesterday I said that this must be some misunderstanding which can be very easily cleared up. Neither for research assignments or for any other purpose did I pay or approve of 5 pfennigs. Not even my department chief had the power to do that. The authority lay with the Chief of Staff. When it was new cases it was the Chief of the Medical Services himself. That is something clear, it can be proved any time.
Q. Well, doctor, when you issued or when you approved pardon me, that is the wrong word, too. When you suggested that 4000 RM be set aside for Haagen's work what did you do to investigate the necessity of the continuation of this in order to determine the efforts were being used for the benefit of the Luftwaffe?
A. What I did was very simple. I based my work on the judgment of the Hygiene referent who had to pass judgment on it. I already said such an assignment which did not effect aviation medical, accordingly the referent who knew something about the field was competent.
Q. Now, where you use the term "research fund", are you referring to "research fund of the RLM"? What are you referring to by use of the term "research fund" in the first paragraph?
A. No, that refers to the money which the offices of the chief of the Medical Service had available specifically for research purposes. As in every other office there was a budget where the money was listed according to its purpose - for construction, for purpose of equipment, and also for research. Not I, because I had nothing to do with finance but the Budget referent knew about these things. A research fund of the Aviation Ministry did not exist in that general sense.
Q. Well, this coordination of this research fund within the Inspectorate, bearing in mind, of course, that after you took over as referent in the referat for Aviation Medicine all matters for research passed through your office at least for forward to other referents, which was due to schroeder's procedure. Now who coordinated the expenditure of the research fund? Somebody had to coordinate that so to determine whether it would allow 4000 marks to Haagen, 5000 to Hirt, 6000 to some other research, 10000 to Adlershof, and so on. Now, who coordinated the allocation of research funds?
A. First of all, let me point out that Professor Hirt never received any subsidy at all.
Q. Excuse me. Say John Doe in place of Professor Hirt. Now, answer my question.
A. Very well. This coordination of the money was up to the referat for the budget which was responsible for the money.
Q. Just a minute. The Referat for the Budget didn't know anything about these research problems. Only one man had the over-all picture-that was Becker-Freyseng the referent in the referat for Aviation Medicine. How did the finance man know whether it would be a worthy cause to give $4000 to Haagen.
A. I thought I had already explained that. I didn't want to repeat it. I said when such research assignment and such a research subsidy was issued I got in touch with the Budget referent if it was an aviation medical assignment and I gave him the necessary information. If it was in some other field either the other referent went with me or I got a written note from him so that the Budget referent could be convinced that the use of this money was sensible. Besides any approval of an expenditure had to be submitted finally to the Chief of the Medical Service himself and he signed for this expenditure.
Q. Well who did you consult with before you wrote the first paragraph of this letter?
A. The budget referent - that was Oberfeldintendant Wenzel.
Q. Did you consult with the referent for Hygiene?
A. In this specific case I cannot say whether I consulted with him orally or whether in documents which were given to me there was a written note from the Hygiene referent. That might have been either way.
Q. In any event you suggested that 4000 RM be placed at the disposal of Haagen and your suggestion was made to Hie Budget referent?
A. On behalf of my department chief I worked on the suggestion which came from Haagen himself and I discussed the problem with the Budget referent.
Q. I will ask you again. Who was the coordinator of research funds? It wasn't Dr. Becker-Freyseng, was it?
A. You really overestimate me. I was referent. Of course, I had part in the coordination of this money, not only I but various other people had part in the coordination of this money, not only I but various other people had something to say about it and the final word was up to Schroder the Chief of the Medical Service or the Chief of Staff.
Q. You said he would take your word for it. He left those matters up to you.
DR. TIPP: Mr. President, I must object against this type of questioning. For the fourth or fifth time Mr. Hardy is telling Becker-Freyseng that Mr. Schroeder said that Becker-Freyseng was responsible for distributing this money. I think Mr Hardy will grant that I know the documents and that I know very well what Mr. Schroeder has said. Neither in the documents nor in the testimony of Schroeder have I been able to ascertain when Mr. Schroeder said this. I would like Mr. Hardy to toll us when and where and to whom Schroeder made this statement. In the cross examination of Mr. Schroeder, as far as I am informed, this point was not brought up.
THE PRESIDENT: This is cross examination. Objection is overruled.
BY MR. HARDY:
Q Now, let's turn to the third paragraph in this letter, Doctor, wherein it states:
"Please advise whether it may be assumed that the spotted fever epidemic prevailing at Natzweiler at present is connected with the vaccine research."
Do you have any knowledge of that particular instance?
A Yes, I know now that in 1944 there actually was an epidemic in Natzweiler.
Q When did you first learn of that?
A Here, at the beginning of the trial.
Q You never heard of it before that time?
AAt least I didn't remember it. I never had anything to do with epidemic reports.
Q Well now, was it customary for a letter to be written, using your registration number or registry number, and prepared for the signature of the Chief of Staff Kant by an office other than your office?
A In my direct examination I said that this possibility did exist. Normally, if I had been there and had known about this letter, it would have said at the top at the left "2 II A/2 I B". That often happened that a letter came from two different referats and had two numbers, but since I was not there during these days that was unfortunately omitted.
Q Well, was it customary for the Chief of Staff Kant to decide that he was going to write a letter to Professor Haagen and then ask you to write one paragraph and ask another referent to write another paragraph and then only give you a copy of what you had written and take a pair of scissors and cut off the other paragraphs so that you couldn't read them?
A It was customary for the department chief or the chief of staff to change letters which he obtained from different referents and sometimes to make one letter out of two that were addressed to the same man. Besides, I did not receive a carbon copy in my referat.
This was sent to the Registry where it was filed and I never saw it again. Even if I had seen the carbon copy later -- which might even be possible -- then the establishment of a vaccine manufacturing plant and an inquiry about an epidemic would not have interested me, because I never had anything to do with such matters.
Q Wouldn't the fourth paragraph have interested you, which states:
"The report of 21 June 1944, in which the investigations at Natzweiler are mentioned, should have been sent as secret."
Secret?
A I happened here, during this trial, to learn the explanation for this final paragraph which I would not have understood earlier. Professor Rose told me that all the typhus reports had to be sent as secret in the Wehrmacht and, since this list was apparently some information about the typhus epidemic in Natzweiler, it is clear that this report had to be sent as secret.
Q Well, this fourth paragraph doesn't refer to an epidemic at Natzweiler. This refers to "investigations at Natzweiler." The third paragraph is referring to an epidemic they've heard about and want to know if these "investigations at Natzweiler" have any connection with the epidemic. Isn't that what that letter conveys? It's perfectly obvious that Kant or Rose or whoever suggested these two paragraphs was wondering whether or not the research work done by Haagen had caused disease or epidemic in the camp. Isn't that the import of this letter?
A It is what Professor Rose testified here on the witness stand.
Q It's quite obvious too, is it not, from reading the letter?
A But let me point out, since I knew that Professor Haagen was a bacteriologist or a hygienist, it would not have called my attention particularly, at the time, that he was carrying out investigations during an epidemic because that is what hygienists are supposed to do.
Q Well now, you state here that you have become aware of the fact that typhus problems like this are supposed to be classified as secret and in this letter Haagen is being politely reprimanded for not having classified his report of 21 June 1944 as secret.