THE MARSHAL: The Tribunal is again in session.
MR. McHANEY: If the Tribunal please, before the luncheon recess, the Prosecution had offered Document Number 265 as Prosecution Exhibit Number 178. This offer had been contested by Dr. Flemming, Counsel for the Defendant Mrugowsky. I told the Tribunal I would ascertain the source of this document during the recess.
This document was secured by agents of the Office of Chief Counsel from one Eugene Kogan. Kogan will take the stand and testify later in the afternoon and will tell you that he was the First Clerk to the deceased Dr. Ding-Schuler, and that this document was secured by him 2 April 1945 in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp, and that it has been in his custody since that date with the exception of a short time when it was microfilmed by an organization known as FIAT which is a Joint Intelligence operation of the United States and British Army.
It was continuously in his possession up until the time the Office of Chief Counsel secured it from him. However, this purporst to be an original German document. It is signed by the deceased Dr. Ding-Schuler; accordingly, for reasons which are satisfactory to the Prosecution, we have offered it before Kogan takes the stand on the around that it is an original and that it is admissable under the certificate we customarily attach to captured German documents.
The Tribunal also requested that I secure samples of the signature of Dr. Ding; samples of his signature when he was known as Dr. Schuler also. Upon re-examination of the record I find that we have samples of those signatures already in the record and I take it that the genuiness of these signatures is not contested bu Defense Counsel.
Prosecution Exhibit Number 284 contains in the lower left hand corner the signature of Dr. Ding.
Prosecution Exhibit Number 283 contains the signature of Dr. Schuler and I submit that both of these signatures are rather unique. Now we will pass up Document Number 265 which has been offered as Prosecution Exhibit Number 287 and which is the Diary kept by the deceased Schuler on experiments at Buchenwald.
On substantially all of the pages of this diary there appears either the signature of Dr. Ding or of Dr. Schuler. I will again pass this document to the Tribunal. I will point out the first time the name "Dr. Schuler" appears is on Page 25 of this Document Number 265.
On the preceding pages appear the name, "Dr. Ding." I think that you will find that the similarity between the uncontested signatures of Ding and Schuler and those appearing in the contested exhibit are almost similar.
THE PRESIDENT: The objections to the admission in evidence of this exhibit are overruled. The document will be admitted.
MR. McHANEY: Before reading the earlier portions of the Ding Diary, I would like to remind the Tribunal that Prosecution Exhibit 286 was the paper written by Dr. Ding on his experiments on typhus patients with the drugs Acridin and Rutenol. The Tribunal will recall that the paper states that these experiments were made from April to May, 1943, and that 39 persons were used in these experiments.
You will also recall that 15 were given the drug Rutenol and 15 Acridin; 9 were given neither and retained as a so-called control.
I would therefore ask the Tribunal to turn to Page 46 of the English Document Book which shows the entries on 13 and 14 April 1943 in the Ding Diary. We shall see what an ingenious thought this Ding Diary is inasmuch as it very exactly reports the experiments in Ding's papers submitted to Reicharzt and SS Police on the 17 of November, 1944.
Permission was then asked to publish a paper.
This entry reads:
"Unit of SS-Sturmbannfuehrer Dr. Ding ordered to I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. Hoechst. Conference with Prof. Lautenschlaeger, Dr. Weber, and Dr. Fussgaenger about the experimental series 'Akridin Granulat and Rutenol' in the concentration camp Buchenwald.
"Visit to Geheimrat Otto and Prof Prigge in the institute for experimental therapeutics in Frankfurt-on-Main.
"24 April 1943:
"Therapeutic experiments Akridin-Granulat (A-GR2) and Rutenol (R-2) "To carry out the therapeutic experiments Akridin-Granulat and Rutenol 30 persons (15 each) and 9 persons for control were infected by intravenous injection of 2 cubic centimeters each of fresh blood of a spotted fever sick person.
All experimental persons got very serious spotted fever.
"1 June 1943:
"Charts of case history completed.
The experimental series was concluded 21 deaths (8 with Akridin-Granulat) (8 with Rutenol) (5 control) (signed) Dr. Ding SS-Sturmbannfueher" Now I say to the Court that it is absurb to urge that this document is anything in the nature of a fraud.
Here we have two completely independent documents reporting about the selfsame experiments carried out in April and May of 1943, the same number of persons, the same number of controls, the same drugs, the same date, and we see that these 39 unfortunate people did not contract this disease naturally. The first entry here makes very clear that all 39 were infected by intravenuous injections of 2 cubic centimeters each of fresh blood of a spotted fever sick person. We can, therefore, see that the stamp with the name Poppendick on the original paper submitted by Dr. Ding for his approval for publication carried somewhat more than usual significance.
I might also remark with respect to this paper written by Dr. Ding and submitted to Poppendick for approval that it states therein that the treatment through the use of these drugs was started during the incubation period. I am advised, and I suggest to the Tribunal and to the defendants that in and of itself indicates on the face of the paper that these people were artificially infected with typhus and that even if we did not have the very interesting Ding Diary it would be sufficient to prove that these experiments were criminal, and why is that? The incubation period means before the symptoms of the disease appeared. Now, how could these men know that these persons in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp had typhus during the incubation period unless they themselves had infected these persons? If they had contracted the disease naturally, during the incubation period no symptoms appeared and it was not possible to ascertain that they had the disease typhus at that time. But we need not rely upon such medical facts because we have the Ding Diary and that makes perfectly clear what was done during the course of those particular experiments in April and May of 1943.
I would like at this time to go back to the beginning of the Diary and read from it at some length. On the first page we find the years 1941/42, "Diary of the division for research of spotted fever and virus at the Institute of Hygiene of the Waffen SS." This is on page 38 of the English document book. The first entry, and certainly a most interesting one, is dated 29 December 1941:
"Conference between army sanitation inspector, GeneralChief Surgeon Professor Dr. Handloser; states secretary for the department of health of the Reich-SS Gruppenfuehrer Dr. Conti; president Professor Gildemeister of the Robert Koch Institute (Reichs Institution to combat contagious diseases) and SS-Standartenfuehrer and lecturer Dr. Mrugowsky of the Institute of Hygiene Waffen-SS, Berlin.
"It has been established that the need exists, to test the efficacy of, and resistance of the human body to, the spotted fever serum extracted from egg yolks. Since tests on animals are not of sufficient value, tests on human beings must be carried out."
Here we see a meeting of these distinguished gentlemen in which it is decided that animal tests have not been sufficient and to work on human beings. And what are they going to do? Are they just going to inject this serum and see what the reaction of the human body to the serum alone is? Not at all. They are testing the efficacy of the human body, the efficacy of the serum as well as the resistance of the human body to the serum. And that, if Your Honors please, means simply that they were going to infect the test subjects with typhus following the innoculation to test how efficient the vaccine was. And that is precisely what happened. The defendant Handloser participated in this conference, Professor Gildemeister of the Robert Koch Institute participated in this conference and his closest collaborater in this field was the defendant Rose, the vice-president of the Robert Koch Institute. The defendant Mrugowsky was there, the deceased Dr. Conti, the superior of the defendant Blome was there; and all together, as the responsible agents of the German government, they decided that these criminal experiments should be carried out. The Diary continues:
"2 Jan. 42:
"The concentration camp Buchenwald is chosen for testing the spotted fever serums. SS-Hauptsturmfuehrer Dr. Ding is charged with these tests. "5 Jan. 42:
"Preliminary test A:
"Preliminary test, to determine the surest and most practical way of infecting human beings artificially. Five humans for test purposes received intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of virus in doses of 1 cubic centimeter. Infection was not possible..." And the signature of Ding appears after those 3 entries.
The first step they took in carrying out the project decided upon at this conference was to find out how they could artificially infest those unfortunate experimental subjects with typhus. So let us not hear the defense urge that this Institute was established simply for the purpose of testing the reaction of the human body to the serum itself.
"10 Jan. 42:
"Preliminary test B:
"Preliminary test to establish a sure means of infection:
"Much as in small pox vaccination, 5 persons were infected with virus through 2 superficial and 2 deeper cuts in the upper arm.
"All of the humans used for this test fell ill with true spotted fever. Incubation period 2 to 6 days.
"20 Jan. 42:
"Preliminary report of reactions of vaccinations. Through continually produced blood counts a strong neutrophile Linksverschiebung Stabkernige was discovered.
"2 Feb. 42:
"Chart of case history of the preliminary tests to establish a sure means of infection were sent to Berlin.
"1 death out of 5 sick."
"6 Jan 42 "1 Feb 42 "Spotted fever vaccination material - Research Series I "Execution of vaccination for the immunization from spotted fever, using the following vaccines:
"1) 31 persons with Weigl-vaccine from the intestines of lice of the institute for spotted ver and virus research at the Supreme Command Army (OKH) Crakow..."
And if I may pass over we can note that their vaccine was being obtained from the same Dr. Eyer who I mentioned earlier, the subordinate of the defendant Handloser, who had participated in the meeting which decided upon these experiments not 30 days earlier.
"2) 35 persons with vaccine from Huehnereidottersackkulturen made by the process Cox. Gildemeister & Haagen.
"3) 35 persons with vaccine 'Behring Mornal' (1 egg bloated (aufgeschwemmt) to 450 cubic centimeters caccine. Mixture of 70% Rickettsia Mooseri and 30% Ricksettsie Prowazeki).
"4) 34 persons with (Behring Normal' 'Behring Strong' (1 1 egg bloated to 250 cubic centimeters).
"5) 10 persons for control..."
Always we find we have these unfortunate control persons who received no protective innoculation whatsoever.
Always we find that we have these unfortunate control persons, who received no protective innoculations whatsoever.
"3 March 1942:
"All persons vaccinated for immunization between 6 January 1942 and 1 February 1942, and the ten persons for control, were infected with a virus culture of Rickettsiz-Prowazeki, in the presence of president, Professor Gildemeister. SS Hauptsturmfuehrer (Captain) Dr. Ding infected himself in the process (laboratory accident)."
So here we find that not only was Professor Gildemeister in the meeting that outlined this program but he also appeared in person on March 3rd, 1942, to see how things were going and in his presence these persons were infected with typhus.
"17 March 1942:
"Visit of Prof. Gildemeister and Prof. Rose (Department head for tropical medicine of the Robert Koch Institute at the experimental station. All persons experimented on fell sick with spotted fever, except two, who, the fact was established later, already had been sick with spotted fever during an epidemic at the police prison in Berlin. SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Dr. Ding fell sick with spotted fever and lies at the hospital in Berlin. SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Hoven, station medical officer of the Waffen SS in Weimar, supervises in the meantime the stations (Block 44 and 49)."
So we find that the Defendant Rose visited Buchenwald with his friend and superior, Prof. Gildemeister and watched these experiments, which included the injections on the concentration camp inmates. We also see from this entry that the defendant Hoven took over for the first time in the experimental station and the defendant Rost won't deny that he made this visit to Buchenwald. He will admit now that he was there.
"19 April 1942:
"Final report on the first spotted fever vaccine research series: The stone block #45 was made available for the purpose of these spotted fever experiments.
5 deaths (3 under control) 1 with "Behring Normal" 1 with "Behring Strong" (stark) "19 August 1942 4 September 1942;"Spotted fever vaccine, research series 11;"Execution of vaccination for the immunization from spotted fever, using the f 11 wing vaccines:
"1) 20 persons with vaccines, made by the process of Durane and Giroud (Pasteur Institute, Paris) from rabbit lungs.
"2) 20 persons with vaccine, made by the process of Combiescu, Zetta and collaborators from dog lungs. (Producer: Contacuzine, Bucharest). (This vaccine was made available by Prof. Rose, who received it from Navy Doctor Prof, Ruge from Bucharest)."
So we may conclude that Prof. Rose was impressed by what he saw on March 17, 1942, and is now aiding in the criminal conspiracy by supplying them with vaccine to be tested.
"15 October 1942:
"Artificial infection of all persons, vaccinated for immunization between 19 September 1942 and 4 October 1942, and 19 persons for control with Eidottersack Virus (Rickettsia Prewazeki)."
"25 October 1942:
"The infection has started on all persons experimented on," "20 May 1942:
"Charts of case history sent to Berlin.
"4 deaths of control persons."
I would like to pause here to refer again to the objection to this document. It seems to be rather obvious that this diary was not kept on a day to day basis because from the 20th of May 1942 to 19 August 1942 appear only about four entries and to them there is only the signature of Dr. Ding, so I assume it is entirely possible that inasmuch as six or seven months elapsed before the formal entries were made in the diary, these entries were quite obviously made from work notes which were kept by Dr. Ding.
"10 September 1942 to 10 October 1942:
"Unit of SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Dr. Ding (ordered) to the Pasteur Institute in Paris to Prof. Giroud."
"22 October 1942 to 5 November 1942:
"Spotted fever vaccine Research Series 111.
"Vaccination for immunization from spotted fever of 20 persons with vaccine made according to the process of Giroud, Paris. This vaccine was taken by SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Dr. Ding from Paris immediately after production."
"20 November 1942:
"Artificial infection with Huehner idettersackmaterial" (and they give the name of the virus) "from the Robert Koch Institute of the 20 persons vaccinated for immunization and of 6 control persons. This research series was observed for six weeks and then abandoned without results, as no sickness broke out among the control group."
"27 October 1942 to 8 November 1942:
"Spotted fever vaccine, Research Series IV:
"Vaccination for immunization of 20 persons with a vaccine from intestines of lice made by the process of Weigel (sent by lecturer Dr. Haas of the spotted research institute 'Emil v. Behring' in Lemberg)."
"20 November 1942:
"To test the affect of the immunization, the infection shall be made with lice, sick with spotted fever. The lice and their cages must be burnt immediately, as the latter becomes leaky during transport and therefore represents a danger of epidemic in Camp Buchenwald."
"3 December 1942:
"Newly sent lice are applied to 15 persons (5 immunized and 10 persons for control). The lice again must be destroyed as the cages are not tight.
"The report is again made that an infection with live spotted fever lice is not possible because the danger to camp inmates is too great."
"4 January 1943:
"Due to infection by lice on 3 December 1942, five persons show short term illness.
"The research series was concluded."
So we see by this series of entries that they developed a second means of injection. The first we saw was that comparable to smallpox vaccines, where they made small incision on the upper arm. Now they are using a second method of injection through lice.
"15-18 December 1942:
"Unit of SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Dr. Ding (ordered) to the opening of the spotted fever research foundation in the General-Government 'Emil v. Behring' in Lemberg (Lecturer (Dozent) Dr. Haas)."
"28-31 December 1942:
"Vaccination for the immunization from diphtheria of the Reserve Bn. of the Leihstandarte SS 'Adolf Hitler' (approximately 2500 men) because of the outbreak of an epidemic.
"Inspection of quarters and advice to the medical officer for the fighting against epidemic."
"1 December 1942 to 20 December 1942:
"Spotted fever vaccine, Research. Series V:
"To determine the immunization effect, 20 persons were actively vaccinated for immunization with vaccine 'EM' of the Behring Works - Dr. DEMWITZ - (vaccine, where beside the chicken embryos were used)."
"26 January 1943:
"Artificial infection with Eidotter-Virus Op No 223 and 226 from Robert Rock Institute."
We see that the Robert Koch Institute through the Defendant Rose was supplying the virus with which these unfortunate victims were injected with typhus.
"9 January 1943:
"By order of the surgeon general of the Waffen SS, SS-Gruppenfuehrer and Major General (Generalleutnant) of the Waffen SS, Dr. GENZKEN, the hitherto existing spotted fever research station at the concentration camp Buchenwald becomes the "'Department for spotted fever and virus research' "The head of the department will be SS-Sturmbannfuehrer Dr. DING.
During his absence, the station medical officer of the Waffen SS, WEIMAR, SS-Hauptsturmfuehrer HOVEN will supervise, the production of vaccines. The chief of the economic and administrative headquarters, SS-Obergruppenfuehrer and Lt. Gen (General) of the Waffen SS POHL, orders the extension of block of stone buildings.
"SS-Sturmbannfuehrer Dr. DING is appointed at the same time as chief department head for special missions in AMT XVI (Hygiene), of the group department (Amtsgruppe) D (Medical affairs of the Waffen SS) of the SS Main Headquarters."
"10 January 1943; Therapeutic experiments Akridin and Methylene Blue: On suggestion of the I G Farbenindustrie AC, as spotted fever therapeuticum were tested: a) Preparation 3582 'Akridin' of the chemical pharmaceutical and aero-bacteriological department in Frankfurt-on-Main-Hoechst Prof. Lautenschlaeger and Dr. Weber - (Therapeutic experiment A); b) Methylene blue, tested in an experiment on mice by Prof. Kiekuth, Elberfeld (Therapeutic experiment M).
"26 January 1943: Artificial infection with EidotterVirus Op No 223 and 226: 2- persons for therapeutic experiment A: Akridin; 2- persons for therapeutic experiment M: Methylene blue, and 7 persons for control.
"20 February 1943: From the spotted fever infections of the 26 January 43 the persons for control show no typical spotted fever symptoms, also in the group Vaccine 'EM' of the Behring Works, Akridin, Methylene Blue, about * are without sickness, the remainder have medium spotted fever. The research series was designated to the manufacturer as 'negative', as the persons for control could not be infected clearly. One death in therapeutic experiment Akridin.
"10 January 1943: Yellow fever vaccine tests: The 'Behring Works Marburg/Lahn', the 'Robert Kock Institute Berlin', and the 'Institute for spotted fever and virus research of the Supremo Command of the Army(OKH)' in Crakow were commissioned by the Supreme Command of the Army (OKH) to manufacture yellow fever vaccine of Beltier and collaborators. Since a live virus is being handled, for safety's sake from each vaccine charge a test is to be performed on five persons.
"At the same time 50 persons are to be vaccinated once with Op No. 25 of the 'Robert Koch Institute' which already has been tested for its harmlessness, to determine the decrease of working capacity.
"The results of the yellow fever vaccine tests are to be sent to Department XVI in the SS Main headquarters, in duplicate, who will forward one to the manufacturer, and one to the supreme command of the army (OKH), attention Major Dr. Schmidt (Army Medical Inspectorate)" And there fellows a list of tested OP numbers which we need not read.
"3 February 1943: Sterility experiment with an egg vaccine. A package was sent with a small bottle of 20 ccm spotted fever vaccine from egg yellow cultures. Op No 35 from 1t October 42. A second injection on 8 December 42, a third injection on 13 December 42 of a spotted fever vaccination for immunization was carried out on Sister Lilli Boehm, born on 3 April, 1912 by resident surgeon Dr. von Eysmond. Towards evening a temperature of 104° F. 48 hours after the last vaccination death in coma in the German clinic in Kauen.
"Section protocol: Spotted fever (No 2033, University of Kauen, pathological institute, Lecturer Dr. Starkus." And then he gives an investigation on material vaccinated on and so forth. "During animal experiments, guinea pigs and mice were vaccinated intra-peritoneal and under the skin of the back. No pathological symptoms at all. Results: The vaccine not responsible for the death. The vaccination still took place during the incubation period.
"8 February 1943: Visit of major Dr. Eyer from the institute for spotted fever and virus research of the OKH in Crakow and Major Dr. Schmidt from the army medical inspectorate."
There again we have two of the chief subordinates of the defendant Handloser visiting the murder factory at Buchenwald.
"22 February 1943: Examination of unknown bacteriological material: During August 42, Soviet parachutist was brought into the district Marienburg; he carried in his baggage the Amphielon Material, which was turned over by the RSHA, (Department IV A/3 on 25 February 43) They were Ruhrbakteriophan (Dysentery B...), which could be diagnosed without doubt by animal and culture experiments, and which can be used for therapeutic purposes in case of diarrhea.
"28 February 43 to 6 March 43: Unit of SS Sturmbannfuehrer Dr. Ding ordered to Paris to procure laboratory material of the department for spotted fever and virus research, and the institute of hygiene.
"23 March 43: Conference between SS Sturmbannfuehrer Barnewald, SS Sturmbannfuehrer Dr. Ding and SS Hauptacharfuehrer Schlesinger from Department W 5, W.V.H.A. about the breeding of rabbits, ruin a pigs and mice as experimental animals for the experimental department.
"25 January 43 to 28 February 43: Spotted fever vaccine Research Series VI. To determine the immunization effect the following are actively vaccinated for immunization. 2- persons with vaccine 'Zurick' from the hygiene Institute of the University of Zurick (lungs of mice), and 2- persons with vaccine 'Pigs' from the serum institute of the University of Riga.
"31 March 43: Artificial infection with egg-RickettsiaProwazecki of the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin.
"11 April 43: The infection of 31 March 43 has not resulted in any sickness so far.
"28 April 43: Experimental series abandoned.
"8 March 43: Examination of the water and inspection of the concentration camp Vught near Herzegenbusch.
"8 March 43 to 1- Marcl 43: Inspection of billets in Apeldoern-Arnheim and vicinity. Advice of chief surgeon of the commander of the Netherlands in respect to a Diphtheria-epidemic in Apeldoern.
"24 March 43 to 2- April 43: Carrying out of a large scale experiment on 45 persons by the process of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen SS by SS Standartenfuehrer lecturer Dr. Mrugowsky.
Vaccinations were made on 8 different days within four weeks against smallpox, typhus, typhoid A and B, cholera, spotted fever, diphtheria. Compatibility was generally good. Exact protocol and report were delivered on 27 April 1943 to department chief of department XVI.
"It led partly to a strong decrease of working capacity, losing of strength, increase of temperature and swelling of the lymph glands. It must be considered, typhus and smallpox were not vaccinated on the same side of the body, otherwise strongest swellings of the lymph glands take place.
"The diphtheria-Adsorbat vaccine led to about 20 cases of strong formation of abcesses. If still in the camp, the persons were again vaccinated for smallpox within * year."
We then come to 31 March, 1943, therapeutic experiments "Akridin Granulat" and "Rutenol".
"For the execution of therapeutic experiments 'Akridin Granulat' and 'Rutenol' 40 persons were infected with egg Rickettsien.
"11 April 43: after observation of several weeks, no sickness started. Report to SS Standartenfuehrer Lecturer Dr. Mrugowsky and President Prof. Gildemeister. The type 'Matelska' of the Robert Rock Institute, which will lead to spotted fever sickness with certainty.
"11 April 43: Preliminary Experiment C: To determine a sure means of infection, experiments with whole blood from persons stricken with spotted fever, were made. Infection took place as fellows: 3 persons - 2 ccm each of whole fresh blood intraveneous; 2 persons - 2 ccm each of whole fresh blood intramuscular; 2 persons - 2 ccm each of whole fresh blood subcutaneously; 2 persons - after scarification; 2 persons - with a vaccinating scapol cutaneously.
These infected intravenously got typical, serious spotted fever, and died because of failure of the circulatory system. The other experimental persons complained only about minor discomforts, without becoming hospital cases.
"13 April 43: Preliminary Experiment D. The following were infected. 6 persons with 2 ccm each whole fresh blood intravenous; 6 persons with 2 ccm each whole fresh blood intramuscular; 6 persons by means of a vaccination scalpel cutaneous.
"The six-intravenously infected persons again got very serious spotted fever, 5 died.
"Of the six, infected intramuscularly, one person got medium spotted fever. The others were without any reasonable difficulties, and were not hospital cases. The surest means of infection to produce spotted fever in humans is therefore the intra veneous injection of 2 ccm spotted fever whole blood."
I think by reading this portion of the Ding Diary the Court has gotten a pretty good picture of how these experiments were conducted at Buchenwald, and the deaths which occurred there. Accordingly, before reading into the record the remainder of the diary which is equally interesting, I should like at this time to call to the stand Eugen Kogon.
JUDGE SEBRING: Witness Dr. Eugen Kogon will take the stand.
EUGEN KOGON? a witness, took the stand and testified as follows:
JUDGE SEBRING: The witness will hold up his right hand and be sworn, reporting after me the following oath.
I swear by God, the Almighty and Omniscient, that I will speak the pure truth and will withhold and add nothing.
(The witness repeated the oath.)
JUDGE SEBRING: You may be seated.
DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. McHANEY:
Q Witness, your name is Eugen Kogon?
A Yes.
Q You were born on February 2, 1903 at Munich, Bavaria, Germany?
A Yes.
Q What is your citizenship, Witness?
A I am an Austrian citizen.
Q What is your present address?
A Oberursel near Frankfurt, Am Hang 26.
Q And what is your occupation at present, Witness?
A I am a publicist, editor of the monthly for culture and politics, "Frankfurter Hette".
Q How long have you held that position?
A Since April, 1946.
Q And what were you doing for the year prior to that time?
A From April 1945 until July 1945 I was working with the Psychological Warfare Division and later for Control Division in Paris and Bad-Hemburg and from then on I was an independent author.
Q Now, Mr. Kogon will you tell the Tribunal something about your education?
A I attended primary school in Munich, elementary school in Munich; a secondary school with the Benedictines and Dominicans I studied at the Universities of Munich, Florence and Vienna, national economy and sociology. From 1927 I was in Vienna and worked on the Catholic weekly, "Schoenere Zukunft" as editor. At the same time I was advisor to the central committee of Christian Unions in Vienna. In 1932 I became editor in chief of the paper of the Christian Unions in Vienna until the end of 1933. From 1934 on I was administrator of the Austrian-Nurgarian Prince Saxe-Coburg Gotha and on the 12th of March 1938 when the national Socialists marched into Austria I was arrested.
