"I hereby swear and confirm by my signature that I am stating only the truth to the best of my knowledge. (Signed) Dr. MACZKA Zofia. Seal of British Consul at Stockholm. Sworn at the British Consulate Stockholm this 16th day of April 1946, before me H. W. Reid Brown, H. M. Consul. Seal of British Consular Section, Stockholm.
"Information about the experimental operations which took place in Ravensbruck Concentration Camp.
The operations were carried out in the period between the summer of 1942 and the summer of 1943. The operations were conducted in the camp hospital, which was called Revier, under the direction of Prof. Dr. Gebhardt, SS Brigadefuehrer. Prof. Gebhardt was the Head of the Hohenlychen Sanatorium at Hohenlychen (Mecklenburg). The operations were conducted with the help of Dr. Fischer, who was Prof. Gebhardt's assistant. There was also another assistant whose name I do not know. The following camp doctors participated in this matter: Dr. Herta Oberhauser, Dr. Rolf Rosenthal, Dr. Schiedlauski, all German sisters who were employed there at the time and also two German protective prisoners, Gerda Quernheim and Fian Pautz gave assistance. Polish political protective prisoners from the transports from Warsaw and Lublin, Numbering 74, were chosen as victims. All those who were chosen were young, healthy and well built. Many were college or university female students. The youngest was 16 years of age, the oldest 48 years of age. The operations were to be carried out for scientific purposes, but they had nothing to do with science. They were carried out under horrible conditions. The doctors and the assisting personnel were medically not trained properly. Conditions were neither aseptic nor hygienic. After operations the patients were left in shocking rooms without medical help, without nursing or supervision. The dressings were made according to the whom of the doctors with unsterilized instruments and compresses. Dr. Rosenthal who did most of the dressings, excelled himself in sadism. In the summer of 1943 the last operations were carried out in the 'bunker' is the name of the horrible prison in the camp.
The victim's were taken there because they resisted and there in the cell their dirty leas were operated on. This was the 'scientific atmosphere' in which the 'scientific' operations were carried out.
"All operations were carried out on the lees and all under anaesthetic. The operations were divided into two main groups:
1. operations for infecting the patient. 2. Experimental aseptic operation "As to 1: The soft part of the calf of the legs was opened and the open wounds were infected with bacteria which were introduced into the wounds.
The following were used: staphlococcus auerus, oedema malignum, gas gangrene bacillus and tetanus. Weronika Kraska was infected with tetanus. She died after a few days. Kazimiera Kurowska was infected with gas gangrene bacillus; she died after a few weeks. The following were infected with oedema malignum: Aniela Lefanowicz, Zofia Kiecol, Alfreda Prus and Maria Kusmierczuk."
The Tribunal will recall that Maria Kusmierczuk testified here.
"The first three died after a few days; Maria Kusmierczuk got over the infection. She was lying ill for more than a year and became a cripple, but she lives and is a living evidence of the experiments. Mostly pyogene stimulants were employed. The wounds were stitched after the infection and serious illness began. Many of the patients were ill for months and almost all of them became cripples.
"Why did Prof. Gebhardt, with his education, carry out these experiments? To test the new drugs of the German pharmaceutical industry; mostly cibazol and albucid were used. Even tetanus was treated in that way.
The results of the treatment were not checked, or if they were, it was done in such an inadequate and superficial manner, that it was of no value.
"As to 2: The aseptic, experimental operations consisted of: done experiments, muscle experiments, nerve experiments.
"The bone experiments were checked by X-Ray photographs. As ward attendant I had to do all the X-Ray photographs. In this way I was given the opportunity of gaining an insight in this matter. The following were carried out: (a) bone breaking, (b) bone transplantation, (c) bone grafting.
"As to (a): On the operation table the bones of the lower part of both legs were broken into several pieces with a hammer, later they were joined with clips (for instance Janiga Marczewska) or without clips (for instance Leonarda Bien) and were put into a plaster cast. This was removed after several days and the legs remained without plaster casts until they healed.
"As to (b): The transplantations were carried out in the usual way, except that whole pieces of the fibula were cut out, once with periostium, another time without periostium. The most typical operation of this kind was carried out on Krystina Dabska.
"As to (c): Bone grafting. These operations were with the school of Prof. Gebhardt, During the preparatory operation two bone splints were put on the tibia of both legs; during the second operation such bone splints were cut out together with the attached bones an were taken to Hohenlychen. As a supplement to the bone splint operations such operations were carried out also on two protective prisoners who suffered from deformation of bones of the osteomyelitis type. These two were not Poles, one of them was a German from the Jehovah's witnesses group, Maria Konwitschka and the other was an Ukrainian, Maria Hretschana. It was interesting for Prof. Gebhardt to see how the diseased bones would react to such an operation.
"The muscle experiments consisted of many operations, always on the same spot, the upper or lower part of the leg. On each further operation larger and larger pieces of muscles were cut out. Once a small piece of bone was planted into a muscle (this happened to Babinska). During nerve operations parts of nerves were removed (for instance Barbara Pytlewska).
"What problem did Prof. Gebhardt and his school wish to solve by these experiments.
"The problem of the regeneration of bones, muscles and nerves.
"Was the thing carried out? No. It was not checked at all, or only insufficiently. I do not know what was done at Hohenlychen with those pieces of bone, muscle and nerves which were cut out and taken there.
"What was the fate of the patients after they left the hospital? Almost all of the patients became cripples, and have suffered very much as a result of those operations. Even more severe was the moral torture inflicted on them as they lived under the conviction that they would all be shot in order that they should not be evidence of these murderous operations. The camp authorities - Commandant Suhren, Adjutant Braeuning and Oberaufseherin Binz - ensured through their orders that the victims should not forget that they were condemned to death. In the meantime six of the patients were shot after surviving the operations."
She then gives an extended list of those who underwent the operations, as far as she could remember them, together with remarks explaining what the operation was, and I do not think that it is necessary for me to read all of those names and comments; however, the Tribunal will note that the four Polish women who testified here are listed; Maria Broel-Plater, Jadwiga Dzido, Maria Kusmierczuk, and on the last page Wladyslawa Karolewska. The affidavit continues on page eighteen of the English document Book.
"If I am to give an opinion on these operations, I must say that the operations were carried out because it was in the program of National-Socialist Germany to make experiments on protective prisoners in concentration camps, and that these experiments were carried out on the level on which medical science and morals were prevailing in Germany since 1933.
"As a supplement to these operations I am submitting a description of 'special operations' which were carried out at the same time.
"A few abnormal protective prisoners (psychically ill) were chosen and brought to the operating table and amputations of the whole leg (at the hip joint) were carried out, or on others, amputation of the whole arm (with the shoulder-blade) were carried out. Afterwards the victims (if they still lived) were killed by means of evipan injections and the leg or arm was taken to Hohenlychen and served the purposes known to Professor Gebhardt. Ten such operations, approximately, were carried out.
During the whole time these operations were carried out I was employed as a worker in the ward and investigated this matter risking my own life, with the idea that it was my duty, if I were saved, to tell the truth to the world. I conclude my statement with two questions: What kind of recompense can the world offer to those who were operated on in such a manner? What kind of justice has the world for those who carried out such operations?
(Signed) Dr. Zofia Maczka, Stockholm, April 16, 1946.
On the following page, a part of the same document and exhibit, are given certain particulars of the affiant ZOFIA WIESLAWA MACZKA, and it is particularly of interest for us to know, that she is a Doctor of Medicine and an X-ray specialist.
We have a second affidavit from the same woman. This is Document No.874, and will be prosecution exhibit 233:
"Second Deposition on oath of Dr. Zofia Maczka, female, of 12 Drottning* homsvaegen, STOCKHOLD/Sweden, amplifying her previous deposition sworn before Major Arthur Keith MANT, R. A. M. C., at STOCKHOLM on July 2nd, 1946.
The X-ray apparatus in the Revier was sufficient for general purposes, being the usual military pattern.
To the best of my knowledge, Dr. GEBHARDT himself did not personally perform the experimental operations. He was, however, responsible for the organization and installation of extra requirements. I have heard him give orders concerning the operations to Doctors FISCHER, OBERHAUSER and ROSENTHAL I heard this by listening through key-holes and generally spying during the time I was at the Revier. As I was ordered to do the X-rays by OBERHAUSER, and about X-ray photographs that were required by her, I asked questions about what had been done and she refused to tell me anything, but said that I was to carry out Dr. GEBHARDT'S orders.
The Germans would tolerate no new born children in the camp, anyway from the time that I arrived to the 31st Dec 1942, and to that date they were a 11 killed at birth. I personally saw Gerda QUERNHEIM strangle one newly born child and generally presume that she has been responsible for the other deaths.
Fina PAUTZ was assistant to QUERNHEIM. She was a German inmate of the camp and was presumed to be in the camp for Communist activities. When QUERNHEIM strangled the child I have mentioned above, she handed it through the window to Fina PAUTZ who threw it into a bucket.
QUERNHEIM was in charge of the general cleanliness of the operation theatre, but it is extremely unlikely that she ever witnessed any operation Instruments were never sterilized properly for the operations in the Revier.
Gerda QUERNHEIM was in charge and could not be bothered to take the usual aseptic precautions.
The bacteriological cultures were brought from HOHENLYCHEN by Dr. FISCHER.
I saw the drugs Cibazol and Alkuzid being prescribed to the patients after they had been operated on.
I do not know who was specifically responsible for the execution, of the 6 girls. But Aniola SOBOLEWSKA had her execution postponed several months so that the necessary control X-rays could be taken of her leg. And Rozalia GUTEK was not executed for a considerable period because she was not well enough to be moved.
From the beginning of 1945, a doctor used to come down from BERLIN and perform sterilization operations on young GIPSY-girls. The apparatus he used was a high tension apparatus, but not X-ray. One electrode was placed over the abdominal wall in the region of the ovaries and the other was placed inside the vagina. I learned these details direct from the girls on whom this was done. The only description I can give of the man is that he 1,75 m in height. He was very fat, strongly built and red-faced.
Two Czech medical students who were forced to work in the laboratory, used to carry out the bacteriological examination on the pus from the experimental women, either officially or surreptitiously. Their names are Mila SKRBKOWA and Inka KATNEROWA. They are at present at PRAGUE.
I can only remember the name of one girl who worked in the dispensary who was a Polish girl Jadwiga TAWLOWSKA who is not a medical student at POZNAN." (Signed) "Dr. Zofi MACZKA".
MR. McHANEY: This document is sworn to before Major Arthur Keith MANT, R. A. M. C., at STOCKHOLM, on July 2nd, 1946.
The nexe document in the English Document Book is a translation of a document which was introduced in Case No. 1 before the I, M, T. and is USSR EXHIBIT No. 406, and it consists, primarily, of photographs of the four Polish women who testified in this case.
And, since we have already introduce photographs made here in Nurnberg, I think it is unnecessary to introduce these additional photographs. However, the Court, under Ordinance No. 7, is at liberty to take judicial notice of this document, if they so choose.
I come, then, to Document No. 472, which appears on page 96 of the English Document Book, and this will be Prosecution Exhibit No. 234.
This is an affidavit by the defendant FRITZ ERNST FISCHER, and it deals as we shall see, with a report made to a meeting of the medical academy in BERLIN in May of 1943. The report of the meeting was mentioned in one of the earlier affidavits of FRITZ ERNST FISCHER, which we have already introduced in evidence. This affidavit serves to amplify, and gives additional details on that meeting. It reads as follows:
"I, FRITZ ERNEST FISCHER, being duly sworn, depose and state:
1. I am the same Fritz Ernest Fischer who has heretofore sworn to an Affidavit on the 19th day of November 1945, concerning sulfanilamide and other experiments on human beings in the Ravensbruck Concentration Camp.
2. For the same reasons set forth on page 1 of my Affidavit of 19 November 1945 I am able to make this statement concerning sulfanilamide experiments and especially the conference of May 1943 set forth on page 12 on my Affidavit of 19 November 1945.
3. At the conference of May 1943, which I described on page 12 of my Affidavit (last paragraph) to the best of my recollection, the following officials were present: Dr. Paul Rostock as Chairman of the conference; Dr. Siegfried Handloser, who was then the Chief of the Medical Service of the German Armed Forces, who had sent the invitation for the meeting; Prof. Karl Brandt, who sat in the center of the front row; Dr. Leonardo D. Conti, the Reich Health Leader; Prof. Dr. Sauerbruch; Dr. Frei; and Prof. Heubener. The Medical Service of the Luftwaffe was represented by Dr. Hippke, who was the Chief of the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe; and by Dr. Oskar Schroeder. The Medical Service of the Waffen SS was represented by its Chief, Dr. Karl Genzken. Furthermore, there was Dr. Helmut Poppendick, who was the Chief of Staff of the Reich Physician SS and Police, Dr. Grawitz.
4. As I stated in my former Affidavit, no criticisms were uttered about experiments by any of these Doctors. There was a discussion following the lecture, in which Dr. Frei, Prof. Dr. Sauerbruch, and Professor Heubener participated but also on their part there was no criticism voiced.
5. It was made perfectly clear during the speeches made by Dr. Gebhardt and myself that the experiments were conducted on inmates of a concentration camp.
6. Six months after this, the 10th Anniversary of the Hospital at Hohenlychen, was celebrated. As guests of this celebration, Dr. Karl Brandt, Dr. Siegfried Handloser, Dr. Leonardo D. Conti and Prof. Dr. Sauerbruch were present.
7. When the sulfanilamide experiments started I was told by Professor Gebhardt, my military and medical superior, that these experiments were carried out by order of the Chief of the Medical Office of the Wehrmacht and the Chief of the Medical Office of the State, with the initial order from Hitler, and I must therefore carry out these orders.
8. Dr. Hertha Oberhauser and Dr. Schiedlausky did assist me in the sulfanilamide experiments.
9. As a result of these experiments, three people died."
MR. MCHANEY: Signed "Fritz Ernst Fischer" This affidavit proves, beyond any peradventure of a doubt, that the features of these criminal experiments were brought home to the leaders of the German Medical World. As Fritz Fischer clearly stated in his former affidavit, it was admitted by these defendants that the experiments were carried on at the Concentration Camp, and they knew just exactly what it meant; the Defendant Karl Brandt was there; the Defendant Siegfried Handloser was there; Schroeder was there; PAUL ROSTOCK was there; HIPPKE was there; Poppendick was there; Fischer and Gebhard, of course, were there. They cannot, now, take the position that they were simply receiving information concerning an act which had already taken place. They cannot, so easily escape their responsibility! This was not information concerning a criminal act which was being brought home to people who had no interest in the matter!
These people were in a position to clearly know a duty, and to know that it could not and should not happen!
The contrary was, as the proofs on the positive experiments will show, at this same meeting Dr. DING alias "Schueler" was giving a report about the Typhus experiments at Buchenwald. And the Defendant Rose will get up and tell you that he well knew that those experiments were nothing more nor less than MURDER! And he states that he so described them in this meeting. But that unfortunately his reports were stricken from the stenographic report of this meeting!
Be that as it may, the fact that Professor Rose states that he did object, makes it clear to this Tribunal that these gentlemen knew what was going on in these concentration camp experiments.
The next document -
THE PRESIDENT: At this time the Tribunal will recess for a few minutes.
MR. MCHANEY: The next document in the Document Book is number NO-619, which is on page 98 of the English Document Book. This consists of an alphabetical list of names. In order that we may understand what this list is, I think it would be best if we put in first the 4th affidavit of the Defendant Fritz Fischer which is document number NO-904 and is on page 113 of the English Document Book. That will be Prosecution Exhibit 235:
"I, Dr. Fritz Ernst Albert Fischer, being duly sworn, depose and state:
"1. I am the same Fritz Fischer who has executed an affidavit on 8 November 1946 and I have been duly warned that this statement may be used against me in court.
MEDICAL CONFERENCES "2. It is my opinion that in order to coordinate the activities of the various branches of the Wehrmacht, the SS, and the civilian medical sector, four conferences were held between the years 1940 and 1944.
These conferences were entitled 'Medical Conferences of the Consulting Physicians of the Wehrmacht.' The first such conference was held sometime in 1940. The second conference was held sometime between the date of the first conference and the date of the third conference in May of 1943. Inasmuch as I was not in attendance at these first two conferences, I am unable to furnish any details thereof.
"3. In May of 1943 the Third Conference of the Consulting Physicians of the Wehrmacht was held at the Military Medical Academy in Berlin. The Fourth Medical Conference of the Consulting Physicians of the Wehrmacht was held at Hohenlychen from the 16th to the 18th of May 1944.
"4. These conferences were under the direction of Dr. Siegfried Handloser, Chief of the Medical Services of the Wehrmacht. The conferences were divided up into sections, for example, the Surgery Group, the Pathology Group, the Hygiene Group, etc. There were about twelve to fourteen different groups. These conferences were attended by three to four hundred interested medical men.
These persons were high military medical officers, high state officials, etc.
"5. At the Third Conference in May of 1943 held at the Military Medical Academy in Berlin, the Surgery Group was presided over by Dr. Paul Rostock. I participated in this conference with Dr. Gebhardt, in that I lectured on the results of our work with sulfanilimide at the Ravensbruck Concentration Camp. I have given the complete details of the Third Medical Conference in my affidavit of 21 October 1946, Document No. NO-472.
"6. At the Fourth Conference in May of 1944 at Hohenlychen the Surgery Group was presided over by Dr. Karl Behardt. As in the case of all conferences this Fourth Conference was ordered by Dr. Handloser and all consulting doctors of the Wehrmacht were invited. There were 324 physicians attending this conference. These doctors were billeted in various hotels and villas at Hohenlychen and some at establishments in the hospital. I think the list marked 'Document No. NO-619' is a true and correct list of the physicians in attendance at this Fourth Conference. The first list, consisting of six pages, is a list of the Army physicians attending this meeting. The second list, consisting of nine pages, contains the names of 324 physicians who attended this conference, and also states where they were billeted. I can recall that Buechner was at the Central Hotel Roessle was at the Krankengym; Ostertag was at the Hotel Eichberg at Himmelpfort. I can also recall that I personally saw a great many of the other doctors and that I can verify their presence.
"7. The lists marked 'Document No. NO-619' is probably a representative list of those in attendance at all four of these conferences.
(signed) FRITZ FISCHER" The list of names which begins on page 98 is Document NO-619 and it has been identified by the Defendant Fischer, in the affidavit which I have just read, as a list of doctors who were in attendance at the Fourth Medical Con ference at Hohenlychen in May of 1944 and I submit this document as Prosecution Exhibit 236.
The list is quite long and it would serve no useful purpose for me to read it in its entirety. However, I think it might be useful to mention a few names which appear hereon because, as Fischer has told us, this list is representative of those persons who attended the Third Medical Conference at which we have seen and will also see later on, that reports were made about these medical experiments on concentration camp inmates and it is here that we find, in fact, the very nucleus of our conspiracy. We have a typical meeting of conspirators. They come together, the most important medical men in Germany, and hear reports made by the men who conducted these medical experiments in concentration camps and they accept these reports without any objection and similar experiments, or perhaps the same series of experiments, continue after these reports are made.
On page 98 of Your Honors' document book, item No. 6, we see the name ANTHONY, Stabsarzt, Professor Doctor. The Tribunal will recall that his name was mentioned in connection with the low-pressure and freezing experiment at the Concentration Camp Dachau. Anthony was Chief of the Department for Aviation Medicine, first under Hipke and then for a very short time under the Defendant Schroeder, and the chief subordinate of Anthony was the defendant Becker-Freyseng, who also was in attendance at this meeting at Hohenlychen in May of 1944. His name appears as item No. 32. And was the SS-Gruppenfuehrer Karl Brandt, the Reich Commissioner for Health and Medical Services present? Yes, indeed. He was item No. 9 here, Brandt, SS-Gruppenfuehrer, Professor, Doctor. Being a high official in the SS, I assume that he was a most important figure at this meeting in an SS Hospital, mainly that at Hohenlychen. And the deceased Dr. Conti was there, as we see by the name listed after 38, Conti, also an SS-Gruppenfuehrer, Under-Secretary of State, and a direct superior of the defendant Blome. On the next page, No. 40, we see the notorious Dr. Clauberg, famous by virtue of his unique ability to sterilize Jewish women.
No. 53, Stabsarzt, Dr. Dohmen, whom Your Honors will recall was important in the Epidemic Jaundice experiments, with which the defendant Karl Brandt also showed more than usual concern. Dr. Dohmen, you will recall, was dele gated by the defendant Karl Brandt to perform jaundice experiments on those persons condemned to death at Auschwitz.
The experiments were actually carried out at Sachsenhausen and Karl Brandt had Dohmen do this for him. We drop down to the bottom of the page and we find, as Item No. 80, Dr. Grawitz, Obergruppenfuehrer, Doctor. On the next page, No. 83, of course we find the Defendant Gebhardt, SS Gruppenfuehrer, and as Fischer stated, Gebhardt on this occasion was chairman of the meeting of the Surgeons' Section. The year before the Defendant Rostock had held that position but I suppose that since Gebhardt was in fact head of the SS Section of this hospital, that he was permitted to be chairman of this particular meeting. Immediately under Gebhardt we find the name Ginsken, SS Gruppenfuehrer. No. 87, Gutzeit. Butzeit was one of the army doctors under the defendant Handloser. Gutzeit, as I recall, was also mentioned in connection with the epidemic jaundice experiments and his name will also appear in connection with the typhus experiments carried out by Dr. Haggen at Natzweiler.
No. 101, Dr. Gross, SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer; Dr. Gross was the man who was commissioned to assist the defendant Blome in his work concerning biological Warfare and I think we shall find that work was also carried out with the assistance of helpless humans by an incarceration of concentration camps. Dr. Gross was later or at the same time Blome's assistant.
No. 103, the famous Oberstabsarzt Dr. Haagen, the consulting hygienist to the Luftwaffe, that is the air fleet. Dr. Wright, as we shall see, he was the man who conducted the typhus experiments at Natzweiler.
No. 104, Handloser, Generaloberstabsarzt, professor doctor. As we already know by virtue of the chart drawn by the defendant Handloser, as well as from the affidavits of Fischer, Handloser controlled the Military Medical Academy.
No. 107, Heuber, professor doctor. The Tribunal will recall Dr. Heuber's name was mentioned in connection with sea-water experiments and as I recall he was consultant to the Luftwaffe. He among others advised that the sea-water experiments be carried out.
On the next page, 126, we see the name of Joedicke, oberstarzt. The Tribunal will recall that Joedicke was recommended by Ipke to Rascher as one of his collaborators in the freezing experiments. The fact is that Joedicke did not in fact ever collaborate with him and that is the only evidence we have, but Joedicke was an important figure in the Luftwaffe, and was in attendance at this meeting.
135, we find the name of Oberstabsarzt Kalk, professor doctor. The Tribunal will recall that the memorandum written by Dr. Romberg, after the meeting on September 10, 1942, when the motion picture of the high altitude experiments was shown in the Reichs Ministry for Aviation, he stated in his memo that Dr. Carlus was there. I think the name Carlus was also mentioned in connection with the jaundice experiments and he was also in attendance at this meeting.
On the next page, 179, the defendant Mrugowsky, SS-Oberfuehrer.
On the following page, 219, Poppendick, SS-Standartenfuehrer.
No. 220, Rostreck, Generalarst, professor doctor.
224, Rose, Oberstabsarzt, professor doctor.
232, Schroeder, Generaloborstabsarzt, doctor.
235, Schmidt-Bruecken, Schmidt-Bruecken was, as I recall, chief of staff for a time to the defendant Handloser, chief of the medical services of the Wehrmacht.
236, Schreiber. Of course you will recall that Schreiber was a very important figure in the Military Medical Academy and is shown in a prominent position on the chart drawn by Handloser.
The same holds true for Sauerbruch, 237.
I think that completes the names to which I wish to call the Tribunal's particular attention, but by locking through here we see that we have a very remarkable representation of defendants at this meeting and I submit that these self same defendants were in attendance at the other meetings of the Military Medical Academy and had reports given to them. Some of these reports were of course familiar to them prior to the time that they were let out in these meetings. In any event, they received clear knowledge of what was going on in the concentration camps of Germany. It is difficult to imagine any more clear and convincing proof to support the conspiracy count of the indictment.
The second part of this Document, No. 619, that is beginning on page 106, simply gives the list of army doctors, who were ordered to attend the meeting at Hohenlychen and since they are also included in the list of 324 names, which I have already dealt with, it is unnecessary to study them here.
This, if the Tribunal please, completes the presentation of proof at this time on the experiments conducted at the Ravensbruck concentration camp, and Mr. Hardy will continue now with the presentation of evidence on the blood coagulation and phlegmon experiments conducted at Dachau.
THE PRESIDENT: Counsel, did you offer in evidence Document NO-619? I didn't quite get that.
MR. McHANEY: That was 236, your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: This is page 106.
MR. McHANEY: It's all part of the same document.
THE PRESIDENT: Was that offered in part?
MR. McHANEY: I see what gives rise to the confusion here. That is all part of Document NO-619. A note on page 102 and 103 from the document room, they have inverted the 6 and 1 and it comes out NO-619 but all of these names are part of Document NO-619 which is Prosecution Exhibit 236.
MR. HARDY: This is Document Book Number 11, your Honor, blood coagulation. The Prosecution states in its indictment that all of the defendants are charged with special responsibility for and participation in medical experiments without the subjects' consent, and in the course of which expertments the defendants committed murders, brutalities, cruelties, tortures, atrocities and other inhuman acts.
This morning Mr. McHaney has completed the presentation of evidence in connection with the experiments involving sulfanilamide and bone transplantation at Ravensbruck. Other experiments to determine the efficacy of various drugs such as sulfanilamide upon wounds which were deliberately inflicted to create a condition similar to that of a battlefield wound, were conducted at Dachau.
At this time the Prosecution shall present evidence in connection with the blood coagulation experiments which were conducted at Dachau. The purpose of these experiments was to find a suitable drug which would stop the flow of blood. Continually through this presentation I will refer to the drug called polygal. Polygal is a pectin derivative extracted from vegetable sources, expecially apples and sugar beets, which has a coagulant action upon blood.
After the presentation of the evidence in connection with the blood coagulation experiments the Tribunal will note that this document book includes the evidence concerning the phlegmon experiments conducted at Dachau. As you will recall, several witnesses have previously testified, as to the phlegmon experiments and have given considerable details thereof.
At this time I request you to turn to page 1 of the document book. This is Document Number NO-065 which has been previously admitted into evidence as Prosecution Exhibit Number 221. For the purpose of these experiments I request the Court to turn to page 2, paragraph number 4. Paragraph Number 4 states:
"Sievers (Ahnenerbe). I heard.."this is the affidavit of Cswald Pohl, you will recall... "I heard for the first time about it in Berlin on occasion of Sievers' visit with me. Evidently at that time the experiments were finish ed. Sievers came to find out from me about the possibilities for manufacturing of medicine. I mentioned the Deutsche Heilmittel GMBH (German Medical Corporation.) in Prag which belonged to the German plants, managed by Oberfuehrer Baier of my staff. I recommended Sievers to go to him. The medicine had been manufactured later in Schlachters (Black Forest). Sievers told me the following: The 'Ahnenerbe', whose manager was Sievers, had developed in Dachau a medicine which quickly brought coagulation of blood. It was enormously important for our army because it prevented continual bleeding. It was the result of experiments in Dachau during which a prisoner was fired upon. A prisoner in Dachau, a specialist (in the field) took an important part in the discovery of this medicine."
This specialist referred to here is undoubtedly Robert Feichs mentioned in the testimony before this Tribunal of the witness, Walter Neff. Also, the name Feichs will appear in the rest of the documents in evidence.
Here now we have established the fact, from the testimony of Oswald Pohl, that these experiments to envelop a good blood coagulant were conducted on human beings at Dachau whereupon prisoners were shot in order to create a condition which would simulate that of a battlefield wound.
I turn now to Document Number NO-473, page 3 of your Honor's document book, which is offered as Prosecution Exhibit Number 237. This is an affidavit of Wolfram Sievers.
"I, Wolfram Sievers, being duly sworn, depose and state:
"1. I was born on 10 July 1905 in Hildesheim, Germany. I became a member of the NSDAP in 1929 and joined the SS in 1935. My party number is 144983 and my SS number is 275325. At the end of the war I held the rank of SS Standartenfuehrer. In 1935 I became the Business Manager of the Ahnenerbe Society.
"2. Due to my position in the Ahnenerbe Society and my affiliations with the Reich Research Council as a representative of Professor Mentzel, I have some knowledge of the activities of Dr. Kurt Blome.
"3. I met Dr. Kurt Blome in the middle of the year 1933. Blome was Plenipotentiary for Cancer Research and had an Institute in Posen, which was called the "Reich Institute for Cancer Research". In connection with this Cancer Research Program I attended a conference in Berlin which was attended by Blome, Professor Holz, Dr. von Luetzelburg, and Dr. Rascher. A lengthy discussion concerning experiments with an extract from an Alpine plant took place. The extract from this plant was to be used for the cure of cancer. At that time the question of experimenting on human being or on cancer mic was discussed. Rascher wanted to experiment on the human beings immediately while Professor Holz and Blome wanted to experiment on animals first and then on human beings. At any rate Rascher had the approval of Himmler to conduct such experiments and was ordered to cooperate with Blome on any experiments concerning Cancer Research. Dr. Blome visited with Rascher on many occasion I assume that Rascher and Blome had about twenty meetings which took place in Berlin, Munich, and Dachau.
"4. Blome, who did not seem to find the help given by other divisions sufficient from the point of view of his ideas about the execution of his tasks, sought and received Himmler's support.
"5. At the end of 1943 I met Blome again in Himmler's presence. I can recall that during this conference Blome asked Himmler that Rascher be assigned to him for research work in his institute at Nesselstadt.
At this conference it ivas decided that Rascher should work in close cooperation with Blome. Rascher was also to assist Blome in the field of biological research.
"6. When Rascher was ordered to establish a department for cancer research in the Dachau Concentration Camp, Oswald Pohl was ordered to assist him in every possible way. This order to Pohl came directly from Himmler. All concentration camp inmates suffering from cancer were to be transferred his department and experiments which would serve cancer research were to be conducted on them. Blome received reports from Rascher and visited him several times at Dachau. I assume that Blome had full knowledge of Rascher's work.
"7. Blome also had full knowledge of the Blood Coagulation experiments at Dachau. He received reports from Rascher and should have a complete knowledge of these matters. (Signed) Wolfram Sievers" In connection with the blood coagulation experiments the Prosecution, during the examination of Walter Hoff, referred to the activities of the defendant Blome in this regard.
We shall see in due course that Blome had a substantial knowledge of these experiments and did not merely hear of them in casual conversation as he will try to have us believe.
We now turn to the next document which is an affidavit, page 7 of your Honor's document book, Document Number NO-471, which is offered at this time as Prosecution Exhibit Number 238. It is an affidavit of defendant Blome and deals with various subjects. At this time I will read the entire affidavit.
"I, Kurt Blome, being duly sworn, depose and state:
"1. I was born on 31 January 1894 in Bielefeld, Germany. In 1912 I graduated from secondary school in Dortmund and studied medicine at Goetting* Due to the war, I had to interrupt my studies in 1914, but resumed my medical studies in 1919 and passed the state examination in 1920 at the university of Rostock.
"2. In 1931 I joined the NSDAP and later on I attained the rank of SA Gruppenfuehrer of the Medical Service. In 1943 the Golden Party Emblem was bestowed on me.