The bodies showed palmonary edemas.
Q. Did you know the man who dissected these bodies?
A. Yes, it was Dr. Bogartz who worked with me.
Q. Now as to these 5 survivors whom you saw and whose temperatures and pulse you took to whom did you make a report in the camp about their condition?
A. The Capo of the hospital.
Q. Is the name Dr. Haagen familiar to you?
A. Yes.
Q. Did he have any connection with these gas experiments to your knowledge?
A. He was interested in the development of the curves and temperatures.
Q. Do you know whether these temperature charts were given to Haagen?
A. Yes, certainly, because the Capo asked for them every time Dr. Haagen came to the camp.
Q. How many times did you see Dr. Haagen in Natzweiler?
A. Five or six times.
Q. And how did you know it was Dr. Haagen?
A. The Capo did orderly service and therefore he knew that this was Dr. Haagen.
Q. And he told you that this man that you saw was Haagen?
A. It was the hospital Capo who said that it was Dr. Haagen and I personally had no connection with Dr. Haagen.
Q. Did these inmates who underwent the gas experiment, suffer such pain?
A. They were completely exhausted.
Q. Well but in observing these survivors and in talking to them, did they tell you that they had suffered much physical pain?
A. I didn't see them immediately after they came out of the gas chamber, only somewhat later when they were already somewhat calmed down. They were completely exhausted.
Q. Witness, did you ever have occasion while you were in the infirmary to observe cases of typhus?
A. Yes, many.
Q. And what did you have to do with respect to these typhus cases?
A. The typhus block was a closed block which was visited by German doctors. We only drew up special charts -- they were not medical charts but contained general information.
Q. What did these charts show?
A. They were drawn charts. We drew on them with india ink the temperature curve and the pulse of the patients.
Q. And these were typhus patients, is that right?
A. Yes.
Q. To whom were these temperature charts given?
A. The German doctors, Dr. Haagen, who was interested in these matters, and Dr. Hertz from Strasbourg.
A. Now you said there was a typhus block.
A. Yes.
Q. Were you ever in the typhus?
A. Never in Natzweiler because the block was closed; it was forbidden to enter it.
Q. Do you know from any source what they were doing in the typhus block?
A. Nothing in particular that we knew of aside from special attention given to the charts of the patient.
Q. Was it an experimental block?
A. Perhaps experiments were carried out there because there were very many dead.
A. You do not know, do you, how these patients which you say came to have typhus?
A. These people came from the camp and from the various commands. The epidemic broke out suddenly in June or July.
Q. Do you remember that there was a typhus epidemic in the camp in June or July, 1942?
A. That is what I was talking about.
Q. And as far as you know, these typhus patients which you observed, could have caught typhus in the camp naturally, is that right?
A. Yes. They do not leave the camp. That was especially astonishing because we had all been vaccinated against typhus; at least, we had been told we had been.
MR. McHANEY: I have no further questions at this time.
PRESIDING JUDGE BEALS: Do defense counsel have any questions to ask this witness on cross-examination?
There being no questions propounded to the witness on crossexamination, the witness will be excused.
(Witness Excused)
MR. McHANEY: I shall now return to the typhus experiments in Buchenwald. I come to Document Number 578 which will be Prosecution Exhibit 284.
PRESIDING JUDGE BEALS: On what page?
MR. McHANEY: There is an insert on Page 13. The photostat is inserted in the front of the book. It is Exhibit 284. If the Tribunal please this is a chart which shows the course of inoculations given to certain people. We see in the upper left-hand corner that a stamp of the "Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS" appears. It is followed by "Typhus and Virus Research Department. Telephone: Weimar 6311." That indicates that this document was one prepared by Typhus and Virus Institute at Buchenwald. The Tribunal will recall that it was a part of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS. You will also note the Weimar number. The Buchenwald Concentration Camp immediately adjoined the town of Weimar, as I understand it.
Consequently, we submit, that this document is, in fact, a chart showing that various vaccines were inoculated into some 15 persons over a period of three months, from November 8, 1943, until January 17, 1944. You see in the lower left-hand corner the signature of Dr. Ding, who, as we know, was the head of the Typhus and Virus Research Department of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS at the Buchenwald Concentration Camp. The chart shows that the inoculation of the vaccines was made over various periods of time. The inoculations were increased as they went along. We also get the temperature and pulse reaction of the individuals who were subjected to the inoculations.
We do not claim that this chart shows that any of these individuals were infected with typhus or with any other disease following these inoculations. As matter of fact, I think the contrary is true as we will see from the Ding Diary. You will note these vaccinations were made with some preparation called "Fraenkel"; that appears in the upper left-hand corner of the chart, to the right, just under the date, November 22, 1943. We will be able to key in this name "Fraenkel" with the Ding Diary entrees for the days corresponding to this.
It appears that they had obtained these preparations known as "Fraenkel" and they wished to test inevitability of the human body to the vaccine. Consequently, they made this course of inoculations.
I come, now, to Document Number 571 which will be Prosecution Exhibit Number 285. This is a very interesting document because -
MR. FLEMMING: Attorney Flemming for the Defendant Mrugowsky.
I ask that this document not be admitted in evidence. The document is not signed. It is not really a document. It is a draft. The Tribunal sees that the so-called work report on the last page is not signed. It is prepared for a signature. It was to be signed by Ding, apparently. On the first page of the document, a dateline is prepared, but not filled in. The contents of the report is such, that the document can only be considered a so-called secret matter or a military secret. The Tribunal probably knows the regulations for submitting secret matters.
They must bear a stamp, "Secret." The number of the secret diary must be included on all copies. Neither of these precautions was taken in the present case. This shows that this is only a draft. In the case of such a draft, one can never ascertain who drew it up. One never knows whether the person concerned had adequate knowledge for the preparation of the draft.
In the case of this draft in question, I call the attention of the Tribunal to Page 5. There a little below the middle of the page, there is an entry of the 25th of June to the 15th of August, 1943, ordered sick leave.
If the Tribunal from Exhibit 283, which was submitted now, were to compare the last paragraph they would find that Dr. Ding, whose sick leave is questioned, stated there that he had this sick leave in 1942. This inaccuracy, alone, shows that the draft, which is being submitted here, is absolutely unreliable. It neither bears a signature nor a date. I am convinced it cannot be admitted in evidence.
MR. McHANEY: If the Tribunal please, I would just like to observe that the objection is based on conjecture. It was just as reasonable to assume that the document is a duplicate copy; the original having been signed. As a matter of fact, if we are to indulge in supposition about the matter, I submit that is perhaps is a more reasonable conclusion to draw because the original of the document, which I have before me, has a hand-written note up at the top which reads in translation, "To Mrugowsky."
As for there being no date on the document, the original clearly shows that there is a date, which was January, 1944, and there certainly is no blank for the inclusion of any date; that is the date of the day either before or after the word, "January." This document is a work report for a full year, 1934. It is not at all unusual that they did not put the date of the day on the document. Whether or not this is a draft copy or a final copy as submitted, seems to me to be beside the point.
The document is admissable for what it is worth.
If Counsel for the Defense wishes to attack the weight of the document or to show any inaccuracies from other documents, he is, of course, at liberty to do so. I am not sure I got the full import of the so-called inaccuracy to which he purported to draw the court's attention. If there is any inaccuracy, it slipped by me. I assume that Dr. Ding could have had a sick leave in 1943 as well as in 1942. So, we submit that the document is admissable. I would like to pass it to the Tribunal for their inspection.
PRESIDING JUDGE BEALS: The Tribunal will be glad to hear anything as the materiality of this document; just what does it purport to prove?
MR. McHANEY: The document, Your Honors, is a work report of the Department for Typhus and Virus Research of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS at Buchenwald for the year 1943. The document gives us a very detailed picture of exactly what they were doing in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp in the Typhus and Virus Research Institute for that year.
We learned how many people they experimented upon with typhus and how many were infected. I do not recall that this tells us the number of persons who died. We will pick that information up from a later document. It also shows the persons who made inspections of the Department for Typhus and Virus Research at Buchenwald on Page 17 of the English Document Book. We find out what visitors they had at the Institute who knew what was going on there. Consequently, I submit, it is a very important document for the Prosecution.
THE PRESIDENT: The objection to the admission of the document is overruled. The exhibit will be admitted.
MR. McHANEY: This is Prosecution Exhibit 285. Up at the top we see the pencilled notation, "To Mrugowsky, Hygiene Institute of the Waffen SS, Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Research Weimer-Buchenwald, January 1944. Work Report for the year 1943."
The first part of the report is headed "Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Research, Clinical Section," and then follow a number of entries giving the dates thereof and what took place on those days, and I would like to read a number of them.
On 1 December 1942 to 20 February 1943, the entry is made, "Experiment with spotted fever vaccines 'EM' of the Behring Works, carried out on 20 experimental persons; 10 January to 20 February, Experiment with spotted fever therapeutics 'Akridin' and 'Methylen-blue', carried out on 47 experimental persons; 10 January to 17 May, Tests with yellow fever vaccines, carried out on 435 experimental persons; 25 January to 28 April, Experiments with spotted fever vaccines 'Riga' and 'Zuerich' carried out on 40 experimental persons; 24 March to 20 April, Performance of a large-scale experiment according to the scheme of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen SS, carried out by SS Standartenfuehrer lecturer Dr. Mrugowsky with small-pox, typhus, paratyphus and I may say parenthetically that should read paratyphoid instead of paratyphus, "paratyphoid A and B, cholera, spotted fever and dyptheria, on 45 experimental persons." I might also reemphasize to the Court that when we come to the words 'spotted fever' which appear in some of these translations, that should not be construed to mean the disease which is known in our own country as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. We are here talking of classical typhus and it could better be translated spotted fever typhus or just typhus alone.
However, those words always appear in the original German document made available to the defendants as Fleckfieber, so there can be no misunderstanding on that score. I continue with reading of Prosecution Exhibit 285.
"31 March to 11 April, Experiment with spotted fever therapeutics 'AkridinGranulate' and 'Rutenol' carried out on 40 persons; 11 April to 24 May, Preliminary experiments with fresh blood infected with spotted fever for the purpose of investigating an infallible mode of infection, carried out on 41 persons; 11 April, not yet terminated, Infections with spotted fever, so far applied to 47 persons; 24 April to 1 June, Experiment with spotted fever therapeutics 'Akridin-Granulate' and 'Rutenol' carried out on 40 experimental persons; 28 May to 9 September, Experiment with spotted fever vaccine 'Asid' 'Asid-Adsoriat' and 'Weigl' carried out on 70 persons; 10 June to 8 August, Experiment with typhus therapeutics 'Othromin' carried out on 40 experimental persons; 8 November, not yet terminated, Gangrene - high immunization experiment, carried out on 15 experimental persons; 19 November, not yet terminated, Experiments with burns by means of phosphorus-caoutchouc incendiary bombs, carried out on 5 persons"... The Tribunal will recall that one of the paragraphs in the indictment deals with incendiary bomb experiments and this little entry of 19 November 1943 is the first bit of evidence we have had on that charge in the indictment.
"21 November, not yet terminated, Control of blood conservation; 23 December to 31 December, Special experiment carried out on 4 persons." We shall see from the Ding diary and also from the testimony of the witness that this special experiment was one of the poison experiments charged in the indictment
THE PRESIDENT: At this time the Tribunal will recess for 15 minutes.
(Recess was taken.)
DR. FRITZ (Counsel for the defendant Rose): Mr. President, my client drew my attention to the following: This morning the witness Grandjean was examined. He was continually asked by the Prosecution about typhus, or Fleckfieber which is translated to typhus in English. The interpreter always translated that word to the witness as typhoid fever which is a completely different disease. During the entire examination of this witness, both witness and Prosecution were speaking about two entirely different matters. I myself am not sufficiently educated in medicine and my client has asked me to ask the High Tribunal so that he may be able to explain the difference. This, however, would necessitate another examination of the witness in order to clarify this difference, and I should like to ask you the following: The witness towards the end testified that "we were surprised that the people..." in English...could get typhoid fever..." meaning in German Typhus ..." although all of us were innoculated against." Fleckfieber which in English is typhus, however, could not be innoculated against since there weren't enough typhus vaccines available.
THE PRESIDENT: I would ask the Prosecution if the witness is still available?
MR. McHANEY: I think it may be possible to recall the witness, Your Honor. He is trying to get away to Paris, I think, on the train this afternoon. I am not sure he is still in the courthouse.
THE PRESIDENT: Will you ascertain if the procurement of the witness is possible?
MR. McHANEY: Yes, indeed. I think it will take five or ten minutes for us to make a search of the courthouse to see if he is still here. In the meantime, I suggest that I continue with the presentation.
THE PRESIDENT: If the witness is not in the courthouse, will you take immediate steps to find where he is and procure his attendance here as soon as possible?
MR. HcHANEY: Yes, indeed, Your Honor, we certainly shall.
THE PRESIDENT: You may proceed meanwhile.
MR. McHANEY: Before the recess, I was reading document NO-571 which is Prosecution Exhibit 285. I had finished reading the first part of the exhibit which dealt with the department for spotted fever and virus research, the so-called clinical section. The second part of this work report is entitled the "Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Reasearch, production of Vaccines." And on 10 August, we find the following entry: "Termination of the exterior alteration works on the prisoners' barrack 50 in Buchenwald Concentration Camp."
"16 August. Opening of the 'Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Research.' Transfer of the Head of the Department, SS-Sturmbannfuehrer Dr. Ding to Buchenwald. Beginning of the preliminary work for production.
"20 September. First infection of 3 guinea pigs with spotted fever infected blood, strain Bu I. Up to the end of the year 8 successful infections from this strain and positive adaptation of the strain to mice (with only two infections due to lack of these experimental animals), as well as to the lungs of rabbits through mice with the brains of guinea pigs as starting material.
"24 September. Isolation of the strain Bu II on 3 guinea pigs with spotted fever infected blood. After successful adaptation at the end of the year 8th inflection. Performance of 4 infections of mice. Great quantities of standard type rickettsia. Furthermore successful adaptation of the strain Bu II to the lungs of rabbits through mice.
"9 October. Due to lack of mice experiment to adapt the mixed strains Bu I and Bu II directly from infected brains of guinea pigs to the lungs of rabbits. At the end of the year this strain is contained fully virulent in the 6th infection of rabbits. Since the 5th infection particularly great quantities of rickettsia on the lungs of rabbits. The results of the direct adaptation experiments are being checked by pathogenic and skin virulence tests.
"12 October. Reported to the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS that the experiments for the breeding of rickettsia strains on the lungs of rabbits were successful and production was only handicapped by the lack of the refrigerator and of the Calabeius meat-triturator model.
22 October. Isolation and transfer to guinea pigs of the strain Bu IV of subjects infected with spotted fever after strain Bu III had died during the first infection. In this case the lack of mice was once more especially noticeable.
"First Half of November. Outbreak of an epidemic among 375 recently supplied mice to which 289 animals succumbed within a few days. As the remaining mice were not healthy either, they were killed.
"11 November. Vaccination of rabbits with infected lungs of mice. Later on performance of two more infections of rabbits. Experiments are a complete success, large quantities of rickettsia with well-developed bacillishaped elements on the lungs of the rabbits.
"30 November. Successful direct adaptation of the strain Bu IV from the brains of infected guinea pigs to the lungs of rabbits. After performance of another infection of rabbits, mixing of the strain with the strains Bu I and Bu II. All infections continue to be successfully carried out.
"4 December. Experiment, by making use of the night frosts and by using the handshake technique without refrigerator and without Calabeius, to produce the first sample of vaccine. For this purpose lungs of rabbits of the 5th or 6th infection series of the mixed strain Bu I and Bu II, which are rich in rickettsia, were used.
"14 December. Centrifugation of the suspension produced on 4 December.
"15 December. Starting of the refrigerator which had arrived in the meantime. Result of the examination of the sediment of the vaccine produced on 4 December: after 2 hours of centrifugation great quantities of rickettsia (vacilli-shapped, point-shaped, dumb-bell shapped). The sterility control proved the suspension free from bacteria.
17 December Four guinea pigs were given intraperitoneal injections of 1 cubic cm. of vaccine each in order to check whether the vaccines produced on 4 December agreed with them. The guinea pigs did not show any alterations of veracity nor of temperature and were still alive at the end of the year.
24 December Vaccination of a series of ten guinea pigs with each our own vaccine and Giroud vaccine in order to infect them later on with spotted fever-infected blood.
29 December The reactions for skin virulence according to Giroud show a virulence of the suspension at a dilution of 1.2:000 to 1:4.000.
For the performance of the breeding experiments fifty-six mice, one hundred thirty four guinea pigs and one hundred twelve rabbits were used up to the present date.
In the serological department 1226 proteus OX 19 agglutinations, 3 GreberWidal tests and 4 Takata-Ara-reactions were performed for the SS Infirmary and Buchenwald Concentration Camp and its branch camps.
For our own requirements up to this date about 1500 cubic cm. of typhusparatyphus B deposits have been produced in order to reduce the power of resistance of the experimental animals."
The witness, Henri Jean Grandjean, is now waiting outside. I think it might add to the continuity if I completed this document, and we will then call him to the stand.
The part which I have just read from Prosecution Exhibit 285, of course deals with the production of typhus vaccines which was carried on in stations known as Block 50 of the Buchenwald Concentration Camp, and I might say that the guinea pigs which they make reference to here are, in fact, real guinea pigs because these animals, rabbits and guinea pigs, and so forth, are necessary in the production of typhus vaccines.
The important part of the document for our own purpose is that dealing with the so-called clinical section where the infection experiments were carried out. That which was noted as the "Clinical" was, in fact, Block 46 of the Buchenwald Concentration Camp.
We come now to Part III of this document which is entitle d "Inspections of the Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Research", and I think that this part of the document is particularly important because it shows who was coming to the Typhus and Virus Research Institute, Buchenwald, and who was interested in it, and the first entry on 8 February 1943 shows the inspection of the Clinical Section by Oberstabsarzt Dr. Eyer of the Institute for Spotted Fever and Virus Research of the OKH Krakow and by Oberstabsarzt Dr. Schmitt of the Medical Inspectorate of the Army. I ask the Tribunal to note that they were not visiting the so-called Production Section where they were manufacturing the vaccines in Block 50. They visited the Clinical Section where they were carrying on the murderous infection experiments with typhus; and who made these visits? Dr. Eyer: the Tribunal will recall that in the chart of the organization of the Chief of the Medical Service of the Wehrmacht drawn by the Defendant Handloser, he showed very prominently that this Institute for Spotted Fever and Virus Research of the OKH at Krakow was under his control, that is to say, it fell within the jurisdiction of his office. The Institute, as he also showed on his chart, was directly controlled by this same Dr. Eyer who was paying a visit to Dr. Ding (Schuler) to observe the infection experiments at Buchenwald.
And who always came there? Dr. Schmitt of the Medical Inspectorate of the Army. And who was the Chief of the Medical Inspectorate of the Army on 8 February 1943? He sits in the Defendants' dock and his name is Handloser. He also observed the operations of the typhus infection experiments in Block 46 at Buchenwald.
On the 24th of August, 1943, we find: "Inspection of the department by the Director of the Central Building Section of the Waffen-SS and Police, SS-Obersturmfuehrer Huehnefeld, and discussion of necessary improvements." On the 26th of August: "Inspection by the higher SS and Police leader in Kassel. SS-Obergruppenfuehrer and General of the Waffen-SS the Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, and by the Commandant of Buchenwald Concentration Camp.
3 September: Inspection by the head of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS, SS-Standartenfuehrer lecturer Dr. Mrugowsky."
Of course, it is not strange to find Mrugowsky there since his Institute which was being run directly by Ding was under his control by virtue of the fact that he was Chief of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS of which the Typhus and Virus Research Institute was a part.
"29 September Inspection by the Chief of Office D III in the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office (WVHA), SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer Dr. Lolling and Professor Dr. Schenk."
Part IV of the Exhibit is entitled: "Official Trips by the Head of the Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Research."
"28 February to 6 March SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer Dr. Ding ordered to Paris for the purchase of laboratory equipment for the Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Research, Weimar-Buchenwald, and for the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS.
27 April to Once more on detached service to Paris for the same 1 May purpose.
25 June to 15 August Ordered sick leave at Sellin on Ruegen.
27 August Conference with the Zeiss Film at Jena, with the Landesgewerbearzt and in the University library.
4 September Inspection in the village of "X" with the Head of the Hygiene Institute SS-Standartenfuehrer lecturer Dr. Mrugowsky, with the Standertarzt of the Waffen-SS WeimarBuchenwald and with the adjutant of the commandant of the Buchenwald Concentration Camp.
8 September Another inspection in the village of "X".
16 September Purchase of laboratory requisites at Jena, conference with the Zeiss firm concerning the alteration of two microscopes.
23 September Purchase of laboratory requisites at Erfurt.
29 September to Conference in Berlin with the Head of the Hygiene Institute 4 October of the Waffen-SS, SS-Standartenfuehrer lecturer Dr. Mrugowsky.
13 October Inspection at "Dora" and "Laura" with the commandant of the Buchenwald Concentration Camp.
21 October Inspection of the branch commands Leipzig. Wernigorode, Schoenebeck and "Dora" with the camp commandant.
25 October to On detached service with the German Hygiene Institute for 15 November the Eastern Territories in Riga and subsequently conference with the Madaus firm in Dresden at the instance of SSObergruppenfuehrer and General of the Waffen-SS von Weyrsch.
SS-Sturmbannfuehrer" And this document is obviously prepared for the signature of Ding.
One little point to note finally is that on these official trips of Ding when he was away from the Typhus and Virus Research Institute at Buchenwald, it was the Defendant Hoven who was in charge of the Institute in his absence, and thus is the position of the Prosecution that he also bears primary responsibility for the crimes which were there committed.
And I think we may now call the witness, HenriJean Grandjean, to the stand again.
THE PRESIDENT: The Marshal will summon the witness, Henri-Jean Grandjean.
MR. McHANEY: I take it that his reappearance on the stand is for the sole purpose to clarify the translation question raised by Defense Counsel, and that no further direct or cross examination will be permitted.
THE PRESIDENT: The witness is reminded that he is still under oath.
THE WITNESS: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: She is also reminded that she is still under oath.
THE INTERPRETER: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Does Counsel for the Prosecution desire to ask any questions in the first instance?
MR. McHANEY: No, Your Honor. The Tribunal plans to clarify this point with the witness.
THE PRESIDENT: Counsel for the Defense may examine the witness.
HENRI-JEAN GRANDJEAN, a witness, took the stand and testified further as follows:
RE-CROSS EXAMINATION BY DR. FRITZ:
Q. Dr. Fritz, Counsel for the defendant Rose: Witness, during your examination this morning the prosecutor asked you continually about Fleckfieber whicn is translated in the English with "typhus". The interpreter however, did not correctly designate this disease and translated it with "typhoid fever," which in German is called "Abdominal typhus". During your entire examination the Prosecutor was speaking about Fleckfieber -English: "typhus" -- and you, Witness, were always talking about typhoid fever.
MR. McHANEY: If the Tribunal please, I object to the form of the question. The question now before the Tribunal is whether or not the Prosecutor and the witness understood one another in the use of the word, "typhus", and I object to his stating the proposition in such a manner that it appears that I was talking about and thinking of typhus while the witness was talking about and thinking of typhoid. This is the problem which we are now trying to clarify, and I would appreciate it if the Defense Counsel would so state the problem so as to get an answer from this witness.
THE PRESIDENT: It is clear that Counsel for the Defense is endevoring to clarify the testimony of this witness, but the question in form is rather objectionable. Cannot Counsel reframe that question and ascertain in asking the witness what he intended to testify to, what particular form of fever.
Q I am now asking you witness, when giving your answer to the question of the Prosecutor, were you speaking about fleckbieber, that is, typhus, or were you speaking about abdominal typhus, which is, in English, typhoid fever?
A There seems to have been a misunderstanding here between the English and the German expression. However, there was no doubt in my mind. I was going to speak about fleckfieber -- typhus. The question here was not typhoid, and I never thought about typhoid at all.
Q That is, you always spoke about fleckfieber -- typhys?
A I should again like to emphasize that I was speaking about typhus exanthimaticus because I was nursing 1200 patients who were infected with this disease, and I am quite convinced it was always a question of typhus and not typhoid.
Q It seems to me this misunderstanding is cleared up and I have no further questions.
THE PRESIDENT: Any further questions by any of the Counsel for the defense on this matter?
(Apparently none.)
Does the Prosecution have any further questions?
(Apparently none.)
The witness is excused.
MR. MCHANEY: I come now to Document No. 582 which is on page 21 of the English Document Book. This will be Prosecution's Exhibit No. 286. I am skipping for the moment Document No. 859 because, your Honor, the Document Book does not have the translation contained in the book. It is simply a certification which goes on the Document; therefore, I am going to No. 582 which will be Prosecution's Exhibit No. 286.
This is a letter from the defendant Mrugowsky to Schuler at the Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Research at Buchenwald. You see at the top the date, 17 November 1944, and the letterhead of the office in which the defendant Mrugowsky was active at that time, and which was: Reich Physician SS and Police, the Chief Hygienist, who Mrugowsky. The letter reads as follows:
"Dear Comrade Schuler:
"Enclosed I return your work on acridin with the notes of approval.
"The merger of the weeklies makes publication in its present form (11 pages without references and 1 curve) impossible for the "Medical Journal" because the editor accepts only articles of 8 normal type-written pages, e.g. 2 pages in print. There remains the alternative of shortening it or publishing it in another paper, for instance 'Archive for Hygiene' or 'Journal for Immunity Research'. I would deem the first alternative the better one.
"Best regards and "Heil Hitler!"Yours "Mrugowsky" And, we come to the attachment to this letter which is part of the same Document, and we see that it is the paper written by the deceased Ding or Schuler, concerning experiments he had made on the treatment of typhus with acridin derivates.
I call the Tribunal's attention to the stamp that is contained on this paper written by Ding. "From the Medical Service Officially. No objections." Meaning, I take it, that there was no objection to the publication of this paper. And the stamp, "The Reich Physician SS and Police, Berlin 29 September 1944, by order of A. Poppendick, SS-Sturmbannfuehrer." So, we see that the defendant Poppendick is offering his approval of the publication of this paper written by Ding. Poppendick, the Tribunal will recall, is head of the personnel staff and with Doctor Grawitz in the Reich Physician SS and Police; and, of course, in the same office with Mrugowsky.
JUDGE SEBRING: Do you maintain that A. Poppendick and H. Poppendick are the one and same person?
MR. MCHANEY: Yes, I am certain of that your Honor. I do not know if the translation in both are correct. I think it would be best if I passed the Document up for the Tribunal to inspect. It is not clear looking at it -- this initial before the name Poppendick, it is not clear whether it is an H or an A. I take it, it could be translated either way. I think the explanation is, if the Tribunal pleases, that the initials IA means by order. You are looking at the original, and I think you will find there are the initials IA rather than just A; so, really it means by the order of Poppendick.
I say, before reading portions of this paper written by Ding that it will not be apparent that is, the paper, that criminal experiments were being conduced, but we shall prove very shortly after I finish reading portions of the Document that they were, in fact, criminal experiments which resulted in the death of a number of the experimental persons. Of course, the paper would not include the fact that they had artificially infected the experimental subjects because it was going to be published in a medical journal, but I submit the fact it was submitted to the Office of the Reich Physician SS and Police, and more specifically, to Poppendick to get their approval indicates those gentlemen were in a position to know what actually took place during the course of those experiments. The paper reads in part as follows:
"On Treatment of Typhus with Acridin Derivates by Dr. Medicine Erwin Ding, SS-Sturmbannfuehrer Waffen-SS.
"Publication of HOLLER's and ZAJITSCHEK's 'A very successful, strictly casual-pathogenetic therapy of Typhus' (1) induces us to make a report about therapeutic experiments which we made with the same drugs Rutenol and Nitroacridin 3582 on 30 persons, as long as half a year before the two authors did.
"FUSSGAENGER and WESER (2) had used these two drugs for the treatment of mice, which were infected with murine typhus. 70% of the animals thus treated survived in contrast to an optimum of 6% of the untreated controls. The result of these experiments was so encouraging that we considered ourselves justified in starting clinical tests of the two acridin derivates on human beings afflicted with typhus.
"From April to May 1943, 39 persons, whose spotted fever disease had been ascertained serologically and clinically, came to the clinical station attached to the "Department for Spotted Fever and Virus Research' of the "Hygienic Institute of the Waffen SS for treatment.