Q I am now asking you did the gypsies - did this food agree with the gypsies?
A One can certainly say so, and they ate it with a great deal of appetite. They enjoyed it.
Q Witness, in Exhibit 139, the witness, however, says that the experimental subjects, the food did not agree with the experimental subject.
A Tschofenig was working in the x-ray station. He was the Kapo there, Tschofenig never entered my experimental room at all. Ho once or twice saw my experimental subjects for a short period of time. Usually I was present myself during the x-ray examination for the reason ho reports just what he heard and not what he knows from his own observation. The statements in Exhibit 139 begins with a description of the experiments carried on by Dr. Rascher and the statement ends with a description of the experiments carried on by Dr. Rascher and in the middle I am so that something that is said about Rascher's experiments also applies to me. Of course, I want to raise some doubts as to whether Tschofenig when he would have been asked about Rascher's experiments would have also talked about the sea water experiments. Herr Tschofenig only reports rumors.
Q. In that connection I want to refer to the testimony of the statement of the witness Dr. Horn, German transcript page 5395. He describes how these rumors arise. As defense counsel I also wanted to find out something about the personality of the witness Tschofenig. I applied to the government of the province of Carinthia, since Tschofenig is living in Klagenfurth, and I received a letter from them which says: "Tschofenig is not Slovene representative but he is of Carinthia, According to reliable testimony he has several previous convictions but I do not know any details about this so far. It is correct; that he was in Dachau as Kapo. He became very disliked by a number of political prisoners." I also wrote to the government of the province of Carinthia about details and I received the answer: "I could not find out any more details about Tschofenig. It is, however, felt that he was Kapo. A great deal is being said here but nobody is ready to make a definite statement." I read this not in order to submit it in evidence.
MR. HARDY: I object to these remarks of the defense counsel pertaining to the character of one witness Tschofenig, If the defendant has something to say about Tschofenig's character, defense counsel may well put questions to the defendant, but if defense counsel wishes he can take the stand and testify himself.
THE PRESIDENT: Prosecution's objection is sustained. The reading of the letter by counsel which he has received is entirely irrelevant and will not be received as part of the testimony in the case. Of course, counsel may prepare an affidavit, if he can do so, which will be in proper form to receive, but merely reading the letter is not a provocative matter at aid and cannot be considered.
DR. STEINBAUER: This is an official document by the governor of the province. However, I shall try to get an affidavit to this effect. I only wanted to demonstrate here how difficult under certain governments it is to obtain evidence material.
THE PRESIDENT: If counsel is of the opinion that he has a document which because of its official nature constitutes a proper exhibit in evidence, counsel might offer the document in evidence subject to objection and argument but certainly just reading the document is not evidence and cannot become part of the official record.
DR. STEINBAUER: I shall try to obtain an affidavit when I go to Vienna.
Q. Witness, at this stage did you already carry on examinations of experimental subjects?
A. Yes, of course, we were after all concerned in this preliminary period to obtain the preliminary estimate in order to make a preliminary determination in order to be able to prepare the matter later on. Thus urinalyses were undertaken regularly; from time to time the blood was analyzed; electrocardiographs were taken, the function of the kidneys was observed. This was especially important because the kidneys had to accomplish a great deal and in order to exclude damage to the kidneys the background of the eyes was also examined by a specialist.
Q. Was this specialist an SS physician?
A. During my entire sojourn I saw SS physicians only very seldom in the camp. As far as I know, the only physician who was working there was the chief physician of the hospital who, however, I believe concerned himself mainly with the administration. The care of the prisoners was exclusively in the hands of the prison doctors. Some of them whom I met had an excellent medical education.
Q. After the conclusion of these preliminary examinations the experiments began. Can you describe briefly what was then at stake in these experiments?
A. The experimental subjects were divided into three groups which differed in principle. The first group received the Schaefer water. There were altogether five experimental subjects. During the first four days they received food that people at sea distress were supposed to get. During the following days they did not receive any food. Thus, this was something like a fast. Such a fast is used quite frequently now in modern medicine. There is also an American physician in particular by the name of Tanner who at the end of the 19th century introduced this method again in medical therapy.
I had quite a great deal of experience regarding this treatment by fasting. Therefore I could diagnose the symptoms that occurred during that very well. This group that received the Schaefer water was included in the experiment for 11 or 12 days. All of the other groups were experimented on for a shorter time.
Q. Were there any incidents that occurred?
A. This group of course went through the experiments without any complaints and without any incidents.
Q. Well, in the other groups what were you concerned with there?
A. One of these two groups was the hunger and thirst group, the other the group with sea water. Both of these groups had the following in common: The water balance in the body is effected. They have the so-called anhydremie or dehydration. Such an attack on the water balance in the body of course is much more important than the hunger and it is well known that there are people who will hunger by profession and they fast for long time for political and religious reasons, for instance, Ghandi. Cases have occurred and have been certified of people who live for 40-50 days without taking in any food. That is possible only if they receive sufficient liquid. That is about one quart per day. If at the same time they, however, have to thirst, the body sustains it for a much shorter period. One assumes in general that the tolerance of thirst is about 14 days. Only a short time ago I read in Stars and Stripes that in America a Miss Wolfe in New Haven started a hunger and thirst strike and for thirteen days she lived without food or water and that gradually they were considering to give her liquid artificially. The fact that the human body can live without water for a relatively short period is connected with the fact that even when it is a condition of thirst it has to eliminate water constantly. Even if this elimination is limited to the smallest amounts possible, nevertheless there is a loss of water. We know that the amount of urine which is eliminated normally when the food intake is normal amounts to two to three liters or quarts per day.
It can be reduced up to 200 cc. and that the elimination of water through the heart and lungs is decreased. Observations have even been made that when thirst reaches an extreme the lung is able to take liquid out of the air. The amount of the loss of water is decisive in the question of life and death. One knows from the animal experiments and one concludes it from observation of sea distress that a loss of 22 to 25 percent of the water in the body results in death. In general one considers that if 20 percent is lost the danger to life begins. Up to 10 to 12 percent can be lost without any damage. These amounts are the so-called depot water of the body, that is, the water supply that is free in the body. Only when this has been used up, the water of the body cells is attacked and in this amount between 12 and 22 percent there is some destruction of the cells which does not mean danger to life but danger to the normal function of the body cell. That is a certain danger.
Q The lack of water is seen by the fact that the organs which contain a lot of water, eliminate water - first of all the skin and the muscles, secondly the blood which is a liquid and contains a lot of water - thus the skin dries up and the mucuous begins drying up and there is a hardening of the muscles. The liver becomes slower, because it too eliminates its water, and a so-called thickening of the blood where the solid parts increase proportionately and relatively.
Q Is the taking away of water also used in medicine for therapeutical reasons?
A Yes, that is done too. People who suffer from kidney diseases are exposed to thirst under certain circumstances. This is carried on for 10 days, or even longer. Naturally then due to the retention of water the liquid in the body of those persons is increased. But there is also a certain diet which formerly was used for reducing diets, the so-called Schroth diet named after the discoverer Schroth, who discovered this therapy. In this diet they receive only dry solid food, and the liquid is reduced to a very small amount. This diet was carried out formerly to a very heroic extent, and in the older literature there are reports in which 10 to 15 per cent of the body liquid was given up by patients.
Q Are there possibilities during such a diet or during these experiments to calculate a loss of water exactly and to do so constantly to follow how much water is lost?
A Yes, that can be dope very well. There are several ways of doing this. First; the body weight; secondly the measuring of the amount of urine. From the relationship of these two amounts one can to determine the amount of water which is eliminated by the skin and the lungs. Of course, one has to consider how much is lost by water and how much is lost through the hunger, the starving and finally from the analysis of the blood. One can see very quickly to what extent to the drying up is going on, for the blood consist of a watery liquid of albumen on the one. hand and a lot of blood cells on the other hand. If water is lost the blood becomes thicker and its protein content becomes larger.
This can be seen through very easy methods of analysis. All of these analysis were carried on during our experiments. Regarding the amount of water lost, we had by using the group which received the Schaefer water to calculate exactly the loss which resulted from the starvation alone, thus we could gain exact figures for the loss of water.
Q What are the symptoms which result from the taking away of water?
A I already described them in part. I only want to mention here that in the text books usually one finds definite pictures described, that is by means of an illness which is carried on together with a disturbance of the water balance. That is the so-called diabetes incibidus. In the case of this sickness the human kidney loses its ability to contain water and eliminates endless amounts. Such patients lose 10 to 12 liters, that is quarts, of water per day. In extreme cases 40 liters or quarts have even been observed. It is obvious that these people have to drink just as much as they eliminate. If the water is now taken away from such a patient he naturally reaches the stage of being dired up incomparably quicker than a healthy person. Since there is also a hysterical form of this disease, and this can not be distinguished at first sight from the real disease, the physician is frequently forced to undertake a thirst experiment in order to make a proper diagnosis. Therefore, one knows the strong thirst symptoms. It is obvious that such people if one would take water away from them entirely could be brought to the deadly limit .of the loss of water within one or two days. These are people who have brain diseases, and therefore it comes -bout that in the thirst experiments these people react with very strong nervous systems. Therefore, this is the source of the rumor that the thirst can bring about mental disturbances so easily. In a normal person the thirst experiment never brought about such results.
The second group of diseases are the diarrhea diseases, and I saw not only one but very many dysentary cases in Russia, and they lost up to 20 per cent of water, that is the limit of the danger to the life.
This condition is so dangerous because the water is lost so very quickly. Secondly, because salt is lost with it and the lack of salt is always a very great danger, and it is dangerous thirdly because these are toxic diseases. From these diseases one can not draw a parallel, to a normal thirst experiment, because there is a difference between a disease and a condition of lack.
Q This extraordinarily important difference, could you please explain that to us briefly?
A In the case of a disease we are always concerned with the struggle between the body and the cause of the disease. That is mostly the bacteria. Here ware the positive agents, and here are the defensive forces of the organism. Here there is a struggle between two forces. In the case of a condition of lack it is quite different. The body is deprived of something which is used normally and which it is using normally. Such conditions of lack, for example, are the lack of salt if there has been a great deal of perspiration, and the lack of salt when the kidney is insufficient - the Epinaph insufficiency; then the condition of the lack of vitamin, lack of sugar when large amounts of insulin have been administered, or oxygen lack which Dr. Ruff has described. Thus only one physiological component is lacking here in each case, and one can calculate with small mathematical certainty what this lack is, and for that reason every physician is, so to say, glad that when a sick person does come to him he has to treat a condition of lack of some important component, because therapeutical successes can be gained surely and it can be very quickly. If a person who is in a condition of insulin shock is administered sugar within a few minutes his heavy symptoms are eliminated; is an aenoxymic person is allowed to breathe oxygen he is alright again; if a person who is hungry first is allowed to eat, if a person suffering from thirst is allowed to drink, if a person suffering from lack of vitamins is administered vitamins, he becomes healthy again. Any condition of lack can be cured by administering the component lacking and there is no damage to the body.
There is wither two alternatives, one dies because of lack or lack is removed and one becomes healthy again.
Q Witness, before you said that the taking away of water and the taking of seawater generally brings about the same changes in the body; is seawater as such a toxic?
A Certainly not, because it is used for purposes of curing people and I can report here from English medical literature that Russell gave one of his patients altogether 112 liters or quarts of seawater, in daily doses of about one-half quart; another person drank for four months one-half quart each morning. That is altogether 60 quarts; and one person for 9 months drank about one-half quart, that is altogether about 135 quarts, of course, together with fresh water. From these figures it is quite apparent that seawater as such can not be toxic, and one also knows that seawater practically never contains germs, bacteria, at least not pathogenic agents. There are many and various examinations that have been carried on about this and from the entire literature about dangers at sea I do not know of any case which reports an intestinal infection one to the taking of seawater. The seawater which we used had been bacteriologically examined in two institutes, moreover it had also been filtered, and it therefore was free of any bacteria. My assistants and I also drank it very frequently, and none of them nor myself either got any intestinal diseases, and neither the experimental subjects. The danger of seawater is alone the fact that it is a relatively highly concentrated salt solution. This needs water for its elimination. This water has to be administered either after fresh water, and if that is not done body water has to be added. If a person is given one quart of seawater to drink a day he must add about one-half quart, because the kidney concentrates only about 2 per cent of salt if it concentrates more this additional amount is less. With 500 cub. cent.
one can consider that about 200 per cent have to be added by the kidney, that is 200 additional percentage have to be eliminated, if the kidney concentrates as much salt as the seawater is concentrating. This could be seen quite clearly in Sirany's, as well as in my cases. Only that water is lost which is eliminated by the skin and lungs and since this elimination is relatively increased a little. Therefore, seawater can be taken longer than one assumed formerly, according to the theoretical suppositions. Thus the only question is to what extent the water supply of the body is attacked by the taking of seawater.
Q. You now have spoken about the condition between disease and the lack, now I ask you can such a condition of lack be observed so that an endangering of life or health is impossible?
A Certainly, and we also know from a 11 of those cases of sea distress who were rescused that they were restored relatively quickly. Among these there were cases that became known of people who while at sea. distress lost 40 to 50 pounds in body weight; even a case was described where a person lost 5 stone; in spite of that all of them were restored to health. There is a possibility in such extreme cases, because of course in a condition of lack it is much easier, and one must not forget that in cases of sea distress many other things, such as weather and the lack of sleep and the like arc additional strain on the body.
Q Therefore, during your experiments you could assume with good conscience that your experimental subjects would not suffer any damage?
A Since the amount of the loss of water was constantly controlled the examination of the blood, urine, and weather were carried on daily, of the metabolism, the lungs, etc. we could, of course, recognize the limit of non-tolerance and therefore I could be sure that he would not go beyond the danger limit. Actually none of my experimental subjects was forces to that sphere. I calculated the loss of water very carefully, and of course gradually saw in so doing that many of my experimental subjects drank fresh water in addition time and again. With this secretive drinking of water they did not do a good service neither to themselves nor to me, not to themselves because the experiment lasted longer. In such a case until I knew with certainty what had calculated this disturbance of this experiment, and they did not do a service to me because a great deal of careful work was destroyed by that.
Q How were the experimental subjects supervised?
A In any case it was not as strict as can be seen from these incidents which I have just mentioned, that it would not have been possible for them to drink fresh water on the side, and in some cases it happened not in considerable amounts.
Q I have to ask you, does this circumstance itself that they again and again drank water does that not speak against the fact that these persons were volunteers?
A First I want to say that the circumstance that many of the experimental subjects did not drink fresh water on the side speaks for the fact that they were volunteers, and it does absolutely so, for if the possibility to drink fresh water is given and the person does not do so, in spite of that, it must be a volunteer. Moreover, on thirst lets it is an experience which is made daily that even the most intelligent patients time and again drink something on the side in between secretly. Thirst is one of the strongest impulses of nature and it is very difficult not to give in to it, and for that reason thirst experiments have to be carried on behind locked doors, and the doors of my experimental room were apparently not locked securely enough.
DR. STEINBAUER: Mr. President, in that connection I want to refer to Document Book 14, from the Document Book Schaefer, page 38, where Huebner, a well known export, speaks about these measures of locking the room. From my own document book I now want to submit Document 29, Document Book 2, page 108. I give that exhibit number 16.
THE PRESIDENT: What is the number of the document concerned?
DR. STEINBAUER: No. 29, Document Book 2, page 108, Exhibit 16.
THE PRESIDENT: Is that not Exhibit 15?
DR. STEINBAUER: Yes. Excuse me, please. It is No. 15, Your Honor. It is an excerpt from a very well known medical work of Professor Dennig, about the importance of water and the metabolism and nourishment of human beings. I do not want to read the entire excerpts, but I call attention to the center of the first page in which it says: "While the people are able, during the early days, successfully to fight their thirst with a good grace, their energy is insufficient during the later days; they devise extremely subtle means of obtaining water, see the case of Juergensen." Then on the second page I call your attention to the table of weights, in which the loss of weight is shown in a case, and in the summary at the end I call your attention to "2)" which says "the weight and size of the body decrease rapidly."
Q Witness, I ask you did you always terminate the experiments immediately when you found out that fresh water was being drunk?
A In the few cases where we observed that directly, yes, we did interrupt them. In other cases not always or not immediately. Of course, I often had the suspicion that this had happened, but it was not always possible to prove it immediately, especially in the first series of experiments. I was confronted with great difficulties. First, one had to make exact comparisons of a certain amount of urine and elimination of salt until one could ascertain with certainty. If the experimental subjects had in each case admitted it immediately that they drank fresh water and how much, then, of course, it could have been simple, but in this way we in many cases got friends which lead us on a long course, so that frequently we gained the impression that some salt was being retained, and water being saved up in the body. In other cases one gained the impression that not all of the salt was being absorbed, so that at times I had some doubts and thought that perhaps Berka's preparation does have an effect on the absorption of salt, therefore, I asked the experimental subjects again and again whether they had not after all had some fresh water, in order not to become a subject of deceit, but they constantly and stubbornly denied that, and therefore in many cases at the end of the experiment it was pushed out because if they had taken water the general condition was such a good one that no danger could be expected, no danger of any kind.
THE PRESIDENT: The Court is about to be in recess. I would like to as you if you can give the Tribunal any estimate as to the length of time your examination of the witness will continue?
DR. STEINBAUER: I believe that I shall be able to finish today.
THE PRESIDENT: The Court will be in recess.
(Thereupon a recess recess was was taken.)
THE MARSHAL: Persons in the courtroom will please find their seats.
THE PRESIDENT: Counsel may proceed. The Tribunal is again in session.
BY DR. STEINBAUER:
Q. Witness, did the experimental subjects say that they had not drunk any water because they were afraid of punishment?
A. I assured them repeatedly that they would not be punished, either if they had drunk or if they had interfered with the experiment in any other way and no one was punished, not a single person. I merely asked them again and again to tell me the truth because by these evasions the experiment was made very difficult. It was sometimes impossible to form any definite judgment on the experiment especially when small amounts of water were taken.
The experimental subjects had an entirely different reason for keeping their minor and major sins secret from me. At the beginning, as I see now, I made a psychological mistake. I promised that those who did well in the experiment would later be given cigarettes in the form of a premium, as it were, and now they thought that the longer they held out in the experiment the better the experiment would be. Therefore, they tried to stay in the experiment as long as possible and so this prospect of getting cigarettes induced them to got water secretly, and this was the reason why some I caught when they were drinking water, in order to get the cigarettes volunteered again, without any compulsion from my side, to go through the experiment the second time.
Those were eight cases all together, those were people who had lost very little water because they had drunk fresh water during the first experiment, and they were cases which as I can show definitely had at least the same weight when they wore released as when they wore accepted.
Q. Now from the record of the trial I must show you Exhibit No. 139, the testimony of the witness Tschofenig. Ho says that you turned the experimental subjects over to the insubordinate ones over to the SS to be treated in the way customary in the camp, what do you have to say about that?
A. That never happened. If the experimental subject repeatedly denied having taken water that annoyed me and I scolded them, I admit that, but I never punished or had punished any one of them. No SS man ever entered my experimental room, none of my experimental subjects was ever turned over to the SS for punishment or to be made compliant and I cannot imagine why Mr. Tschofenig male this statement. Ho probably concludes from the general to the specific. He probably does not care in this case if he said something that is not true. At any rate he has not the shadow of proof.
Q. Mr. President, in this connection I should like to submit Exhibit No. 16, Document No. 16, on page 52 of my document book. This is an excerpt from the book, "The SS State," by Kogon, page 317-318.
MR. HARDY: May it please the Tribunal, I must object to the admission of this extract by Kogon, in as much as this particular extract is taken out of its context, after this paragraph is contained in the document, in Beiglboeck Document Book No. 1. you will find in Kogon's Book, "The SS-State," that in subsequent lines Kogon emphasize the remarkable fact that this attitude - as set forth in this paragraph being introduced now - changed as soon as liberation came.
None of the expected acts occurred, and the prisoners behaved with remarkable objectivity. If at all the whole page of Kogon's book should be introduced to show the fact that the revengeful attitude that might be exhibited in this paragraph Dr. Steinbauer is now introducing, never actually occurred or the inmates didn't exercise such revenge. I think that this should be brought out in this particular connection.
THE PRESIDENT: I wonder if it could be agreed between defense counsel and the Prosecution that any extract from Kogon's book which has not been translated could be used and read into the record by either Prosecution or any defense counsel, and the whole book or all portions deemed pertinent by Prosecution or defense counsel could become a part of the record. I suggest that for consideration by the Prosecution and by the Defense Counsel.
MR. HARDY: Your Honors, I am not off hand able to recollect whether or not Kogon's book has been offered in evidence. Does the Tribunal recall that?
THE PRESIDENT: I don't think so, because it was not translated. We felt that was an unsuitable objection which might well be.
MR. HARDY: Now the introduction of this document, the paragraph which Dr. Steinbauer has extracted, when ho introduced this as the Beiglboeck exhibit, could at this tine the Tribunal accept the entire book rather than just this extract, then the entire book will be before the Tribunal and we can quote portions or sections thereof in brief or at other instances.
THE PRESIDENT: It was with that end in view that I made the suggestion which I made a moment ago and defense counsel might object if the book has never been translated but they could have it read to them and ascertain if the original of the book was in ----
MR. HARDY: The original book is in German, Your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: It has been translated into English?
MR. HARDY: I think the translations are available in English, your Honor.
THE PRESIDENT: The whole book?
MR. HARDY: Yes, Your Honor.
DR. NELTE: For the defendant Handloser:
Mr. President, I should like to raise a basic objection against the introduction of the whole book, the SS State, by Kogon. The book has three or four hundred pages and has some very important matters in it, but material matters which cannot be checked. The witness Kogon when was on the witness stand here was asked the question, was asked concerning a definite fact in his book, he said I should like to emphasize, I am not being asked about my book here but want to testify merely to what I am asked here and what I answer here, I should like to point out that my request to nave the printed report of the meetings of the consulting physicians were not accepted, because they were to extensive and could not be translated. In comparison to that it is a big burden on us defense counsel, if we are now confronted with the question of finding the individual pages in Kogon's book of looking through the whole book and having to disprove statements in it. Therefore, I ask you not to accept the entire book in evidence but merely the pages from it, which are important in the eyes of the Defense and the Prosecution, and which can be certified so that we can answer the individual charges.
THE PRESIDENT: If the book has been translated and copies of the translation of the book can be made available to the Tribunal not as evidence out available to them for reference, then when either the Prosecution or any Defense counsel desires to use any portion of the book, copies of the protion and supplemented by any portions of the context which opposing counsel desires to put in could be introduced in evidence.
I suggest that matter for the consideration of the Prosecution and of the Defense Counsel. It is, of course, unfair that a mere few words out of the context be put in when the conteset may vary very greatly the meaning of the portion which is introduced in evidence.
DR. STEINBAUER: Mr. President, that is not the case here. It is only a psychological reference to the fact that the testimony of primitive people must be examined very carefully, because the people have suffered terrible things, that is what the paragraph means, and that is my purpose in submitting it.
THE PRESIDENT: Of course, counsel for Prosecution is of a different opinion, as stated in his objection and the Tribunal is not in a position to rule upon that matter, not having the context of the book before it. I will ask counsel for the Prosecution if he is aware whether or not the translation of this book can be made available to the Tribunal.
MR. HARDY: Yes Your. Honor, I am certain we can. I believe now Judge Swearingen does have one copy and I will make an attempt to get four or five more copies of the English and make them available to the Tribunal. If the Defense counsel could supply the Tribunal with the page number, this paragraph appears in Kogon's book so that it may be compared to the English, and then if the Tribunal desires to place any merit on this particular paragraph they will be able to ascertain where it was taken from and whether or not it is in our out of context.
THE PRESIDENT: Objection is over-ruled. This may be submitted. Prosecution may either furnish copies or furnish additional copies of the adjoining portion of the page, the context of which this is a part, and submit anything it desires in that line.
MR. HARDY: Thank you, your Honor.
DR. STEINBAUER: I shall read this short paragraph then, page 317 and 318. "The majority of those in the camps were filled with an inconceivable desire for revenge, the mental reaction to their helplessness. Tortured people racked their brains for new, greater, far more evil tortures which they would inflict sometime on those who now vented their cruel moods on them. This desire for revenge was extended to the whole national socialist regime and its adherents ...."
THE PRESIDENT: Do you want that marked as your Exhibit 16, counsel?
DR. STEINBAUER: Yes, 16, please.
Witness, now what were the symptoms which you observed on the experimental subjects during the experiments? Please be brief.
A. In the first period there was the feeling of hunger in the hunger and thirst group because there was still enough available. From the third day on approximately this feeling of hunger was displaced by thirst and practically disappeared. With the lose of water there came a sudden drop in body weight. Therefore, thirst causes a bad appearance. The person becomes very thin, and , of course, to a layman the person looks much sicker while in reality there is merely a lack of water in the skin and the muscles. The skin becomes dry. There is no perspiration, the mucous membranes become dry, the mouth and tongue are dry and the eyes lose their shine and they burn a little. The secretion of saliva is reduced and eating becomes unpleasant. Then the water is lost from the muscles which brings about a hardening of the muscles and excitability of the muscles. There is a feeling of heaviness-in the limbs and a certain uncertainty in movements and also the desire to move as little as possible and to lie in bed. That has the advantage that the loss of water through the lungs is thereby reduced.